地球科学与测绘

滇东-黔西地区现今地应力场与二叠系煤储层渗透率特征

鞠 玮1,2,王胜宇2,姜 波1,2,苗 琦3,李 明1,2,黄沛铭2

(1.中国矿业大学煤层气资源与成藏过程教育部重点实验室,江苏 徐州 221008;2.中国矿业大学资源与地球科学学院,江苏 徐州 221116;3.云南省198 煤田地质勘探队,云南 昆明 650208)

摘 要:现今地应力状态(大小和方向)和煤储层渗透率是影响煤层气勘探开发的重要地质因素。 基于震源机制解反演、水力压裂等方法确定了滇东-黔西地区现今地应力状态,揭示了二叠系煤层地应力大小垂向变化规律,并在此基础上剖析了滇东-黔西地区二叠系煤储层渗透率发育特征及其控制因素。 研究结果表明:滇东-黔西地区水平最大主应力(SH,max)方向总体为WNW-ESE 向;水平最大主应力为2.67 ~29.84 MPa,平均为14.10 MPa,水平最小主应力(Sh,min)为1.85 ~23.76 MPa,平均为10.36 MPa,垂向应力(Sv)为0.86~31.93 MPa,平均为14.49 MPa。 现今地应力大小随煤层埋深的增加而增大,在垂向分布上呈现出分带性,在600 m 以浅,地应力分布整体表现为SH,maxSvSh,min,水平最大主应力起主导作用,为大地动力场型,而在700 m 以深之后,地应力机制转换为SvSH,maxSh,min,垂向应力起主导作用,为大地静力场型,地应力垂向转换深度为600 ~700 m。 滇东-黔西地区二叠系煤储层渗透率的变化受多种因素的综合影响,天然裂隙发育特征与现今地应力状态耦合对该区煤储层渗透性具有重要的控制作用。

关键词:现今地应力场;煤储层渗透率;二叠系煤层;滇东-黔西地区

中图分类号:P618.11

文献标志码:A

文章编号:0253-2336(2022)02-0179-08

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鞠 玮,王胜宇,姜 波,等.滇东-黔西地区现今地应力场与二叠系煤储层渗透率特征[J].煤炭科学技术,2022,50(2):179-186.

JU Wei, WANG Shengyu,JIANG Bo,et al.Characteristics of present-day in-situ stress field and the Permian coal reservoir permeability in the eastern Yunnan and western Guizhou regions[J].Coal Science and Technology,2022,50(2):179-186.

收稿日期:2021-08-02 责任编辑:郭 鑫

DOI:10.13199/j.cnki.cst.2021-0169

基金项目:国家科技重大专项资助项目(2016ZX05044001);国家自然科学基金资助项目(41702130);江苏高校优势学科建设工程资助项目联合资助项目

作者简介:鞠 玮(1988—),男,山东临沂人,副教授,博士。 E-mail:wju@cumt.edu.cn

Characteristics of present-day in-situ stress field and the Permian coal reservoir permeability in the eastern Yunnan and western Guizhou regions

JU Wei1,2, WANG Shengyu2, JIANG Bo1,2, MIAO Qi3, LI Ming1,2, HUANG Peiming2

(1.Key Laboratory of Coalbed Methane Resources and Reservoir Formation Process Ministry of Education China University of Mining and Technology Xuzhou 221008,China; 2.School of Resources and Geosciences China University of Mining and Technology Xuzhou 221116, China; 3. No.198 Coalfield Geology Prospecting Team of Yunan Province Kunming 650208,China

Abstract:The present-day in-situ stress state (magnitude and orientation) and coal reservoir permeability are extremely important factors for the coalbed methane (CBM) exploration and development. In the present study, methods including focal mechanism solution, hydrau⁃lic fracturing were adopted to analyze the present-day in-situ stress state in the eastern Yunnan and western Guizhou regions. The correla⁃tion between the present-day in-situ stress magnitude and burial depth was established through statistical analysis. Furthermore, the vari⁃ation characteristics of Permian coal reservoir permeability in the eastern Yunnan and western Guizhou regions, and the controlling factors were analyzed. The results indicated that the orientation of horizontal maximum principal stress (SH,max) was in a dominant NWW-SEEtrending. In the study area, the magnitudes of SH,max Sh,min and Sv were 2.67-29.84 MPa (averaged 14.10 MPa),1.85-23.76 MPa (av⁃eraged 10.36 MPa), and 0.86-31.93 MPa (averaged 14.49 MPa), respectively. The in-situ stress magnitudes became larger with in⁃creased burial depth and could be divided into several belts. The in-situ stress regime was a dominant of SH,maxSvSh,min in layers shallo⁃wer than 600 m. Coal seams were under the strike-slip stress regime. Whereas it was a dominant normal stress regime (SvSH,maxSh,min)in layers deeper than 700 m. Coal seams were under the strike-slip stress regime. The vertical transformation depth of the in-situ stress re⁃gime in the eastern Yunnan and western Guizhou regions was approximately 600-700 m. Many factors together influenced the variations of Permian coal reservoir permeability in the study area. The coupling effect between natural fracture characteristics and in-situ stress field showed great controls on the Permian coal reservoir permeability in the eastern Yunnan and western Guizhou regions.

Key words:present-day in-situ stress field; coal reservoir permeability; fracture; stress regime; Permian coal seams; eastern Yunnan and western Guizhou regions

0 引 言

随着油气勘探开发的不断深入,煤层气、页岩气以及致密油气等非常规油气在现有技术条件下显示出巨大潜力[1]。 煤层气作为一种重要的非常规油气资源,据第4 轮全国煤层气资源评价显示,全国埋深在2 000 m 以浅煤层气地质资源量为29.82×1012 m3,可采资源量为12.51×1012 m3[2]。 因此,如何实现煤层气的高效开发是目前面临的重要课题。准确预测一个地区的现今地应力状态不仅有助于非常规油气勘探开发[3-6],并且在CO2地质封存[7]、井壁稳定性评价[6,8-9]等方面也具有重要的作用。 研究表明,在煤层气勘探开发过程中,煤储层地应力可以通过控制压裂隙的形态和扩展方向影响煤储层的压裂改造效果,并能在排采过程中影响煤储层渗透率的动态变化,现今地应力状态(大小和方向)和煤储层渗透率是影响煤层气开发的重要地质因素[10-12]。 高产煤层气在地质方面表现为高渗透特征,而煤层渗透率的大小受到地应力、煤变质程度以及裂隙发育程度及方位等多因素控制[13-15]。 滇东-黔西地区二叠系煤储层富含大量煤层气资源[16]。基于此,依据试井及地应力测试参数对滇东-黔西地区现今地应力场和二叠系煤层渗透率开展研究,对该区煤层气的勘探开发具有重要的现实意义。

1 区域地质概况

滇东-黔西地区位于中国西南部,面积2.58×104 km2,是黔西-滇东-川南晚二叠世上扬子聚煤沉积盆地的重要组成部分。 后期该区受燕山期、喜马拉雅期等多期构造运动的影响,造成原型盆地解体,形成现今众多的残留盆地[16](图1),这些聚煤(煤层气)盆地是我国长江以南著名的煤炭工业基地,同时也是我国重要的工业煤层气聚集场所,主要含煤层气盆地的总资源量可达2.2×1012 ~2.75×1012 m3,具有非常巨大的开发前景[16-17]

图1 滇东-黔西地区煤层气盆地分布16
Fig.1 Distribution of coalbed methane basins in eastern Yunnan and western Guizhou regions16

滇东-黔西地区在晚二叠世发育了从陆相到海陆过渡相再到海相为主的沉积环境[18-19](图2)。按成因类型,研究区的含煤系地层可分为以典型宣威组为代表的陆相型与以龙潭组和长兴组为代表的海陆过渡相型。 滇东-黔西地区的工业煤层气主要赋存于海陆过渡相型中,如盘县盆地、格目底向斜、青山向斜、恩洪盆地、老厂-圭山盆地等[16]。 在垂向上,该区煤系最为显著的特征是多煤层叠置,煤层多而薄,以层序地层格架为主的沉积背景是其重要的控制因素[20]

图2 滇东-黔西地区晚二叠世长兴阶沉积古地图图18
Fig.2 The Late Permian Changxing stage paleogeographic map in eastern Yunnan and western Guizhou regions18

2 滇东-黔西地区现今地应力场特征

目前而言,对于地应力状态的表征主要是依据地应力大小(包括水平最大主应力SH,max,水平最小主应力Sh,min和垂向应力Sv)和水平最大主应力方向[3-4,21]。 根据不同方向应力值之间的相互大小关系,可划分成3 种基本的应力机制类型[22](图3):正断应力机制(SvSH,maxSh,min),走滑应力机制(SH,maxSvSh,min)和逆断应力机制(SH,maxSh,minSv)。

图3 地应力机制类型示意21
Fig.3 Types of in-situ stress regime21

2.1 现今地应力场方向特征

现今地应力方向在油气勘探、开发和钻井工程中具有广泛应用。 一般而言,可以通过震源机制解反演、钻孔崩落特征、钻井诱导张裂隙特征、压裂隙微震监测等方法确定[6,9-10]。 研究主要依据最新的2016 版全球应力图(World Stress Map,WSM)数据库[23-24]进行现今地应力场方向的分析,结果显示,滇东-黔西地区水平最大主应力方向总体为WNW-ESE 向(图4)。

图4 滇东-黔西地区现今地应力场方向
Fig.4 The present-day in-situ stress orientations in eastern Yunnan and western Guizhou regions

2.2 现今应力场大小特征

水力压裂法是确定地应力的一种常用方法。 一般在煤层气井投入生产之前,需要参照中国国家标准GB/T 24504—2009 对煤层开展/压降试井,参照中国行业标准DB/T 14—2000 进行原地应力测试,以获取煤层渗透率、储层压力、闭合压力以及破裂压力等参数。 结果表明,滇东-黔西地区二叠系煤层埋深在31.77 ~1 182.64 m 内;煤层破裂压力为2.01~29.16 MPa,平均为11.55 MPa;闭合压力为1.85~23.76 MPa,平均为10.36 MPa;煤储层压力为0.52~12.81 MPa,平均为5.44 MPa(表1)。

表1 滇东-黔西地区二叠系煤储层水力压裂试验参数统计
Table 1 Hydraulic fracture parameters in the Permian coal reservoirs of eastern Yunnan and western Guizhou regions

测试参数测试结果(最小值~最大值)/平均值煤层埋藏深度/m(31.77~1182.64)/536.58破裂压力/MPa(2.01~29.16)/11.55破裂压力梯度/(kPa·m-1)(12.9~63.3)/23.3闭合压力/MPa(1.85~23.76)/10.36闭合压力梯度/(kPa·m-1)(12.4~58.2)/20.6煤储层压力/MPa(0.52~12.81)/5.44煤储层压力梯度/(kPa·m-1)(4.7~17.1)/10.1

在煤储层参数获取的基础上,一般认为闭合压力即等于测试深度处的水平最小主应力[9],即:

式中:Sh,min 为水平最小主应力,MPa;Pc 为闭合压力,MPa。水平最大主应力可依据下式计算[25]

SH,max =3 Sh,min - Pf - Po + T(2)式中:Pf为破裂压力,MPa;Po为储层压力,MPa;T 为煤岩抗拉强度,MPa。

而对于垂向应力,可依据上覆岩石重力计算,即:

式中:μ 为岩石容重,计算时可参考取μ =0.027[26]h 为上覆岩体厚度,m。

在研究过程中,由于煤岩石力学样品制备困难等问题尚无法获取每处压裂深度点的煤岩抗拉强度,再者煤岩的抗拉强度相对较低,忽略不计时对结果影响较小,因此,在计算水平最大主应力时主要依据下式进行:

根据滇东-黔西地区138 组二叠系煤层水力压裂试验参数,计算研究区水平最大主应力为2.67 ~29.84 MPa,平均为14.10 MPa;水平最小主应力为1.85~23.76 MPa,平均为10.36 MPa;垂向应力为0.86~31.93 MPa,平均为14.49 MPa。

随着地质环境的变化致使所计算出来的地应力分布具有差异性,但滇东-黔西地区二叠系煤层地应力大小随埋深的分布仍具有某些规律:

1)煤层地应力大小随着埋深表现出较好的正相关性(图5)。 水平最大主应力、水平最小主应力和垂向应力的大小均随着煤层埋深的增大而具有增大的趋势。

2)煤层地应力的垂向分布具有分带性(图5)。根据应力机制的垂向变化,可划分为三个带,即:(Ⅰ)浅部带,在600 m 以浅,研究区地应力分布整体表现为SH,maxSvSh,min,水平最大主应力起主导作用,为大地动力场型。 (Ⅱ)过渡带,在600 ~700 m,地应力的垂向分布呈现多种形式,水平最大主应力和垂向应力交替起主导作用。 (Ⅲ) 深部带,深度超过700 m 之后,研究区地应力机制转换为SvSH,maxSh,min,垂向应力起主导作用,为大地静力场型。 因此,滇东-黔西地区的地应力垂向转换深度为600~700 m。

图5 滇东-黔西地区地应力垂向分布特征
Fig.5 Vertical distribution of in-situ stresses in eastern Yunnan and western Guizhou regions

3 二叠系煤储层渗透率特征及影响因素

统计表明,滇东-黔西地区二叠系煤层渗透率主要介于0.000 2 ~0.98×10-15 m2,分布范围较大。由于在不同具体区块各种因素的影响,二叠系煤层渗透率呈现不规则变化,整体规律性不明显。 迄今,国内外诸多含煤盆地针对煤层现今地应力场和煤储层渗透率开展了一系列卓有成效的研究[3-4,10-12,27-28],认为煤储层渗透率很大程度上受现今地应力场的影响。 一般而言,煤储层中有效地应力(即原地应力与储层压力之差)的变化会造成煤体变形,进而导致煤储层渗透率发生变化,在其他影响因素均等时,煤储层渗透率随着有效地应力的增大而呈指数减小[1-12,27,29]。 但在滇东-黔西地区,二叠系煤储层渗透率与有效地应力间并没有表现出良好的指数关系(图6),表明研究区二叠系煤储层渗透率变化复杂,受多种因素综合控制。

图6 滇东-黔西地区二叠系煤储层渗透率与有效地应力关系
Fig.6 The relationship between coal permeability and effective in-situ stresses in the Permian coal reservoirs of eastern Yunnan and western Guizhou regions

煤储层是裂隙-孔隙型储集层,属于低孔低渗非常规储层,煤储层渗透率的高低除了受地应力影响外,还取决于煤化作用程度、天然裂隙、煤层埋深、煤体结构以及储层压力等方面[13,27,30-31]。 滇东-黔西地区二叠系煤储层埋深、储层压力与渗透率之间的关系表明,二者之间也不存在明显的相关性(图7)。 天然裂隙的发育程度与产状对煤储层、致密油储层等非常规储层的渗透性具有重要的控制作用[27,32-34]。 煤储层中发育的天然裂隙不仅可作为煤层气重要的储集空间,同时也能良好地连通煤基质之间的空隙网络,有效增强煤储层的渗透性[34]。滇东-黔西地区二叠系煤层沉积后经历了印支期、燕山期以及喜马拉雅期多期构造运动,发育复杂且相互交织的断层和裂隙系统[16]。 据统计[34],滇东-黔西地区二叠系煤储层裂隙发育,平均裂隙密度在4.30 ~6.92 条/cm2内,盘县盆地二叠系煤储层的平均裂隙密度高达6.92 条/cm2(图8)。

图7 滇东-黔西地区二叠系煤储层渗透率与煤层埋深和储层压力之间关系
Fig.7 The relationship among coal permeability, burial depth and reservoir pressure in the Permian coal reservoirs of eastern Yunnan and western Guizhou regions

图8 滇东-黔西地区二叠系煤储层平均裂隙密度
Fig.8 The average fracture density in the Permian coal reservoirs of eastern Yunnan and western Guizhou regions

另外,依据煤层裂隙产状实测统计,滇东-黔西地区二叠系煤储层主要发育高角度裂隙,裂隙倾角主要集中在65°~85°。 同时,前文地应力分析显示,滇东-黔西地区的深部带(即深度超过700 m 时)煤储层的应力机制为SvSH,maxSh,min。 在这种垂向应力主导作用下,高角度裂隙多呈开启状态(图3),进而可有效增大煤储层渗透率。

滇东-黔西地区二叠系煤储层渗透率变化受多种因素综合影响,单一的煤层埋深、储层压力等因素对研究区渗透率的控制不明显,天然裂隙状态及其与现今地应力场耦合可能是控制研究区二叠系煤层渗透率的重要因素。

4 结 论

1)滇东-黔西地区水平最大主应力方向总体为WNW-ESE 向。

2)滇东-黔西地区二叠系煤层破裂压力为2.01~29.16 MPa,平均为11.55 MPa;闭合压力为1.85~23.76 MPa,平均为10.36 MPa;煤储层压力为0.52~12.81 MPa,平均为5.44 MPa。 水平最大主应力为2.67~29.84 MPa,平均为14.10 MPa;水平最小主应力为1.85~23.76 MPa,平均为10.36 MPa;垂向应力为0.86~31.93 MPa,平均为14.49 MPa。

3)滇东-黔西地区现今地应力大小随煤层埋深的增加而增大,在垂向分布上呈现出分带性。 在600 m 以浅,地应力分布整体表现为SH,maxSvSh,min,水平最大主应力起主导作用;深度超过700 m之后,地应力机制转换为SvSH,maxSh,min,垂向应力起主导作用,为大地静力场型;地应力垂向转换深度为600~700 m。

4)滇东-黔西地区二叠系煤储层渗透率的变化受多种因素的综合影响。 煤层埋深、储层压力、有效地应力等因素对研究区二叠系煤储层渗透率变化的控制不明显,天然裂隙特征(发育程度与产状)及其与现今地应力状态(地应力大小和方向)的配套关系可能对该区煤储层渗透性起到重要控制作用。

致谢:感谢评审专家提出的建设性宝贵意见。云南省198 煤田地质勘探队为本次研究给予大力帮助,特此致谢!

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