煤层底板富水承压溶洞突水力学模型构建及突水判据研究

李 博1,2,刘子捷2

(1.贵州大学 喀斯特地质资源与环境教育部重点实验室,贵州 贵阳 550025;2.贵州大学 资源与环境工程学院,贵州 贵阳 550025)

摘 要:西南地区是我国南方重要的煤炭生产基地,由于喀斯特地貌分布广泛,岩溶发育强烈,该地区主采的二叠系煤层底板茅口组灰岩中常见充水性溶洞,煤矿开采过程中一旦遇到隐伏富水承压溶洞,在采动和承压水双重作用下,极易导致煤层底板隔水岩体失稳破坏产生突水灾害,对煤矿的安全开采造成严重威胁。为研究煤层底板富水承压溶洞突水灾害发生时的地质控制因素及隔水岩体失稳破坏的力学行为,有效保障煤矿安全开采,基于西南岩溶地区溶洞的形态特点、隔水岩体的受力特征,将溶洞顶板简化为圆形断面,将溶洞与煤层之间的隔水岩体简化为由无数积分薄圆板构成的圆锥台体,建立了煤层底板富水承压溶洞突水力学模型。运用突变理论中的尖点突变模型对力学模型进行解析,结合弹性力学理论,得出了系统变形失稳的标准势函数表达式,进而研究了系统的临界稳定状态,推导了煤层底板富水承压溶洞突水的力学判据。研究表明:隔水岩体失稳破坏进而引发富水承压溶洞突水的地质因素主要由隔水岩体的厚度、弹性模量、泊松比及溶洞的尺寸和水压等控制,且当隔水岩体厚度、弹性模量和泊松比越小,溶洞尺寸和水压越大时,越容易发生突水灾害。研究成果可以为煤层底板溶洞突水现象的解释和防治提供科学依据。

关键词:溶洞;突水;力学模型;突水判据;控制因素;底板承压水

中图分类号:TD745

文献标志码:A

文章编号:0253-2336(2022)05-0232-06

Construction of mechanical model of water inrush from water-rich confined karst cave in coal seam floor and study on criterion

LI Bo1,2,LIU Zijie2

(1.Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment,Ministry of Education,Guizhou University,Guiyang 550025,China;2.College of Resource and Environmental Engineering,Guizhou University,Guiyang 550025,China)

Abstract:Important coal production bases in the southern part of the country are mainly located in Southwest China,where the karst landforms are widely distributed and the karst are strongly developed.And there are also many water-rich karst caves in the limestone of Maokou Formation in coal seam floor,which are main mining strata in this area.Once the water-rich karst caves are encountered in the process of coal mining,the water resisting rock of coal seam floor is prone to instability and failure under the dual pressure of mining and confined water,resulting in water inrush disaster,which poses a serious threat to the safety of coal mining.In order to study the geological controlling factors and the mechanical behavior of instability and failure of water resisting rock when the water inrush disasters of water-rich karst caves in coal seam floor occur,and to effectively guarantee the safety of coal mining,the karst cave roof was simplified as a circular section,and the water resisting rock between the karst cave and the coal seam was simplified as a conical platform model composed of countless integral thin circular plates based on the morphological characteristics of karst cave and stress characteristics of water resisting rock in Southwest China.And then a mechanical model of water inrush from water-rich karst cave in coal seam floor was constructed.The cusp catastrophe model in catastrophe theory was used to analyze the mechanical model,and the standard potential function expression of system deformation and instability was obtained based on the theory of elasticity.The critical stable state of the system was obtained,and the mechanical criterion of water inrush from water rich and confined karst cave in coal seam floor was deduced.The study showed that the instability and breaking of the water resisting rock which cause the water inrush disasters of water-rich karst cave in coal seam floor was mainly controlled by geological factors such as the thickness,the elastic modulus,the Poisson′s ratio of the rock layer,the size and the water pressure of the karst cave.And the smaller the thickness,elastic modulus and Poisson′s ratio of the water resisting rock,the larger the karst cave size and the greater the karst water pressure,the more likely the water inrush disasters would happen.Achievements can provide a scientific basis for the explanation and prevention of water inrush from karst caves in coal seam floor.

Key words:karst cave;water inrush;mechanical model;criterion of water inrush;controlling factors;confined water from floor

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李 博,刘子捷.煤层底板富水承压溶洞突水力学模型构建及突水判据研究[J].煤炭科学技术,2022,50(5):232-237.

LI Bo,LIU Zijie.Construction of mechanical model of water inrush from water-rich confined karst cave in coal seam floor and study on criterion[J].Coal Science and Technology,2022,50(5):232-237.

收稿日期:2021-11-17

责任编辑:周子博

DOI:10.13199/j.cnki.cst.2020-0836

基金项目:国家自然科学基金资助项目(42162022);贵州省科技计划资助项目(黔科合基础[2019]1413);贵州省优秀青年科技人才资助项目(黔科合平台人才〔2021〕5626号)

作者简介:李 博(1982—),男,河南南阳人,教授,博士。Tel:0851-84735885,E-mail:libo1512@163.com

0 引 言

我国西南地区是世界上最大的连片裸露碳酸盐岩分布区,岩溶发育广泛,西南地区也是南方重要的煤炭生产基地,主采的二叠系煤层底板茅口组灰岩中常见充水性溶洞,各溶洞之间在横向上水力联系微弱,通常成串珠状存在,具有相对的独立性。煤矿开采过程中一旦遇到隐伏富水承压溶洞,在采动和溶洞内水压的双重作用下,极易导致煤层底板隔水岩体失稳破坏,产生突水灾害[1-2],目前对煤层底板溶洞突水的相关研究较少,尤其是突水的力学行为研究尚待深入,现有的溶洞突水力学模型多见于隧道施工领域,各学者根据实际工况对溶洞突水系统进行了简化,建立了一些重要的力学模型,如周栋梁等[3]、聂一聪[4]、师海等[5]等将溶洞与隧道间的岩层简化为固支梁模型;臧守杰[6]将其简化为悬臂梁模型;江学良[7]将其简化为简支梁模型;宋战平[8]将其简化为弹性板模型;褚汉东[9]、姜德义等[10]、周辉等[11]将其简化为四周固支的圆形薄板模型;赖永标[12]则将其简化为椭圆形薄板模型。以上研究普遍将隔水岩体与溶洞的组合简化为弹性岩梁或弹性板来进行研究,未能充分考虑溶洞的特殊形态以及由此带来的水压扩散传导导致的底板隔水岩体受力形变区域扩大的特征,在力学模型的概化及适用上有一定缺陷,研究结果不具有普遍性,如果将其简化为厚圆板时,其挠度解析大多采用级数表达式,过于复杂,不方便使用。

因此,综合考虑溶洞形态、岩体受力状态、底板受力形变区域等条件,将溶洞与煤层之间的隔水岩体概化成由无数积分薄圆板构成的圆锥台体,建立了煤层底板溶洞突水的力学模型,在此基础上,进一步借助突变理论,研究了系统发生突变时的地质控制因素,推导了隔水岩层失稳破坏的力学判据,提出了一种更符合实际的煤层底板溶洞突水的分析方法,相关研究成果可以为岩溶地区矿山突水灾害的防治提供理论依据。

1 煤层底板富水承压溶洞突水力学模型构建

据资料统计[8,13-14],西南岩溶地区95%以上溶洞发育的直径在2.0~20.0 m,其中约90%的溶洞跨度小于15 m,此时溶洞的空间形态在断面上表现为圆形或似圆形,而跨度大于15 m时,溶洞断面一般发育为大厅状。通常溶洞的跨度远小于煤层底板的长度,因此,笔者在力学模型的建立中将溶洞顶板简化为圆形断面(图1),同时考虑到由于溶洞内水压力在隔水岩体中传导时向周围扩散,底板岩体受力变形破坏区域通常大于溶洞顶板断面尺寸的现象,笔者将底板隔水岩层、溶洞顶板组成的系统简化为由无数半径递增的薄圆板组合形成的圆锥台体(图2),并在考虑溶洞内水压的传导、隔水岩层受力状态特性的基础上,基于弹性力学理论,作出以下假设:

图1 煤层底板溶洞突水模型概化示意
Fig.1 Schematics of water inrush model of karst cave in coal seam floor

图2 煤层底板溶洞突水力学模型
Fig.2 Mechanical model of water inrush from karst cave in coal seam floor

1)溶洞顶板断面、煤层底板受力区域均视为均匀圆形,且隔水岩层受力区域半径大于溶洞断面半径;将隔水岩体视为均匀、连续的各向同性体,且其内部应力已处于平衡状态;系统岩体为无数周围固支、半径递增、厚度均等的弹性薄圆板构成的圆锥台体,不同半径薄圆板的最大挠度相同。

2)溶洞水压通过前一薄圆板传导至下一薄圆板,在隔水岩体中不断传导、扩散;岩体各部分只在受力区域内变形破坏,其余部分不变形。

3)只考虑隔水岩体在竖直方向受到均布溶洞承压水压力、上覆岩层作用力下产生的剪切破坏;不考虑岩溶水对围岩的各类损伤以及在传导过程中能量的损耗,且在计算合力做功时忽略岩体由于外力挤密产生的微小形变。

如图2所示,溶洞顶板半径为r0,圆锥台体母线与竖直方向的夹角为θ,煤层底板实际受力变形破坏区域半径为R,其中R=dtanθ+r0;上覆岩层作用力为q,包含上覆岩层自重及开采扰动的作用力,溶洞水压力为pw,隔水岩层厚度为d,薄圆板的厚度为t,且t远小于d。且根据弹性力学理论可得,薄圆板的挠曲线方程为:

(1)

模型的边界条件为:

(2)

式中,r为距受力区域圆心的距离;ω为挠度;ur为径向位移;D为圆板的抗弯刚度,D=Et3/12(1-μ2);Eμ分别为薄圆板的弹性模量与泊松比。

由几何条件可得,圆锥台体内任一位置薄圆板的半径R(t)为:

(3)

溶洞内水压扩散传导到不同位置薄圆板的压力pw(t)满足:

πR(t)2pw(t)=πr02pw

(4)

将式(3)代入式(4)可得:

(5)

由假设(1)可得薄圆板中心的最大挠度ωm为:

(6)

式中,pw(t) 为不同位置薄圆板的水压力;R为底板变形破坏区域;D为圆板的抗弯刚度。

2 基于突变理论的煤层底板溶洞突水力学判据

2.1 突变理论概述

煤层底板溶洞突水本质上是一种岩体内部的弹性能量从量变积累到质变的突破,是一种动态、非线性、不可逆的演化过程,符合突变理论的描述。突变理论是法国数学家THOM于1972年提出,可以用来描述非线性系统在某些作用力的影响下,从连续渐变转变为状态突变的现象[15]。尖点突变模型[16-19]能适用于岩体失稳破坏的情形,其势函数能用2个控制参数uv来表示,标准表达式为:

(7)

式中,uv为控制变量;x为状态变量,对应的平衡位置满足:

Π′(x)=x3+ux+v=0

(8)

式(8)在(x,u,v)空间中构成了一个褶皱曲面,该曲面由上、下、中三叶组成,如图3a所示。状态变量x从小变大对应从下叶发展到中叶,系统从稳定状态转变为稳定临界状态。继续发展则将发生突变现象,跳跃至上叶,系统发生突变失稳破坏,如图3b所示。将平衡曲线投影在u-v平面,可得分叉集,如图3c所示。

图3 尖点突变模型
Fig.3 Cusp catastrophe model

对势函数进行二阶偏导,可得系统的临界稳定方程为:

Π″(x)=3x2+u=0

(9)

联立式(8)消去x,可得分叉集方程为:

4u3+27v2=0

(10)

由以上分析及式(8)可知,当u≤0时系统即产生突变失稳破坏。

2.2 煤层底板溶洞突水力学判据

通过对上述力学模型的解析,可以构建模型的势函数表达式,将其转化为尖点突变模型中的标准势函数表达式后便可推导突水的力学判据。整个模型系统的势能Π由圆锥台体的变形势能U、外力对其做功W二部分构成,其中系统变形势能包括隔水岩层的弯曲变形势能U1以及中面应变势能U2,外力做功为合力在轴向上做功W1、径向上做功W2之和,即:

Π=U-W

(11)

其中,U=U1+U2W=W1+W2

(12)

隔水岩层弯曲变形势能U1为:

(13)

中面应变势能U2为无数个厚度为dt的薄圆板单元的应变势能Udt在轴向积分而得,即:

(14)

其中,

(15)

其中由边界条件式可将ur用级数形式表示为:

(16)

忽略高阶无穷量取级数表达式前两项得到:

(17)

根据弹性力学中的变分法[20]可得:

(18)

式中,a1a2为变分常数。

将式(18)代入式(17)可得:

(19)

ur代入式(15)可得:

(20)

圆锥台体的变形势能U为:



(21)

外力做功为W为:

W=W1+W2=∬[pw(t)-q]ωrdθdr+
∬[pw(t)-q]urrdθdω

(22)

其中,为避免积分过程中出现高阶小量,将pw(t)做近似处理,当t=d时,有

(23)

代入式(22)积分可得:

(24)

将式(21),式(24)代入式(11)可得模型的系统势能Π表达式为:

(25)

式中,a3a4为变分常数。

依据文献[21]对模型的系统势能Π表达式进行变量代换如下:

令,

(26)

则,

Π=b4ωm4+b3ωm3+b2ωm2+b1ωm+b0

(27)

令,

(28)

式(27)按以下矩阵进行变换

(29)

式中,Bb0b1b2b3b4c0c1c2c4为参数,用于变量代换。

可得:

Π=c0+c1x+c2x2+c4x4

(30)

(31)

则有

(32)

可得此系统平衡曲面方程:

Π′(x)=x3+ux+v=0

(33)

且分叉集方程为:

4u3+27v2=0

(34)

根据突变理论,当u≤0时,隔水岩体发生失稳破坏,底板突水,即:

(35)

解不等式(35)可得煤层底板富水溶洞突水的力学判据为:

(36)

其中,d为隔水岩体厚度;r0为溶洞顶板半径;R为底板变形破坏区域半径;pw为溶洞内水压力;q为上覆岩层作用力;E为隔水岩体的弹性模量;μ为隔水岩体的泊松比;a3a4为变分常数。

由式(36)可知,影响突水的因素包括岩体的弹性模量、泊松比、厚度和底板变形破坏区域、上覆岩层的作用力、溶洞的尺寸和水压,且当岩体厚度、弹模、泊松比越小,溶洞尺寸和水压越大时,隔水岩体越容易产生失稳破坏诱发突水。

3 结 论

1)煤层底板溶洞突水发生的关键取决于隔水岩体的稳定性,隔水岩体的稳定性与其力学作用机制密切相关,将溶洞与煤层底板间的隔水岩体概化成由无数积分薄圆板构成的圆锥台体模型,建立了溶洞突水的力学模型,有效的刻画了煤层底板富水承压溶洞突水的力学行为。

2)煤层底板溶洞突水本质上是隔水岩体内部弹性势能累积到一定程度进而突变失稳的过程,基于尖点突变理论,推导了隔水岩体失稳破坏的力学判据,相关成果可以煤层底板富水承压溶洞突水的基础理论研究提供依据。

3)煤层底板溶洞突水发生过程中隔水岩体失稳破坏主要取决于岩体的弹性模量、泊松比、厚度、溶洞的尺寸、溶洞内水压力等因素。隔水岩体厚度、弹性模量、泊松比越小,溶洞尺寸和溶洞内水压力越大,隔水岩体越容易发生破坏,诱发突水的可能性越大。

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