川南宜宾地区煤层气资源潜力及有利区优选

喻廷旭1,金 涛2,罗 勇3,尹中山1,朱韩友3,田明才1

(1.四川省煤田地质局,四川 成都 610072;2.中国石油西南油气田公司,四川 成都 610051;3.四川省煤田地质工程勘察设计研究院,四川 成都 610072)

摘 要:川南宜宾地区上二叠统煤层气勘探近年来在局部取得突破,优选出该区煤层气有利区从而推进煤层气大规模商业开发任务紧迫,基于煤田钻孔煤层厚度和瓦斯含量等数据,结合页岩气、煤层气勘查的岩心、测井、试井、现场解吸和分析测试等资料,对该区煤层气地质条件、煤层气资源潜力进行了综合评价,并选用煤层埋深、顶底板岩性、厚度、含气量、煤层集中度、煤体结构等地质参数,利用加权求和法进行煤层气有利区优选,结果表明:该区煤层总厚度3.61~10.02 m,平均6.05 m,受沉积环境影响,西部宣威组煤层垂向分布较为集中,东部龙潭组煤层垂向分布较为分散,宣威组C7,C8煤层较集中,为该区煤层气开发主力煤层;煤储层宏观煤岩类型以光亮-半亮型为主,储集空间类型多样,主要发育有胞腔孔、气孔、粒间孔等,煤层镜煤条带中割理发育,孔隙-裂隙系统结构配置合理;煤层现场解吸含气量1.03~18.11 m3/t,平均10.53 m3/t;区内上二叠统煤层气资源量3 465.22×108 m3,资源丰度1.87×108 m3/km2,该区煤层气地质条件与沐爱地区相近,且异常高压储层发育,构造简单,煤层气成藏条件更为优越,区内白胶-底洞、腾达-仙峰地区煤层埋深适中、厚度较厚、含气量高、煤层集中度好、构造简单,以原生-碎裂结构为主,为下一步煤层气勘探重点区域。

关键词:煤层气;地质条件;资源潜力;加权求和法;有利区优选

0 引 言

川南地区煤层气勘探已有20余年,2010年,古叙矿区大村井田3口排采试验井开始产气,单井日产气800~1 700 m3,率先并推动了南方多、薄煤层煤层气的勘探开发[1-3]。2011年,浙江油田在研究区南面的筠连沐爱页岩气钻探过程中发现上二叠统宣威组含煤地层气测显示强烈,经压裂排采煤层气日产量达1 000 m3以上,浙江油田依托川南地区已有的页岩气地震资料、钻井认识,快速推进煤层气勘探评价和先导试验工作[4-5],2016年提交了筠连沐爱核心区煤层气探明储量93.84亿m3,目前已建成煤层气2.5亿m3产能。2017年,四川省煤田地质局在研究区内实施的川高参1井获得最高日产气量达8 300 m3的高产,创下目前南方地区煤层气直井单井最高日产气量和最高稳定日产气量纪录,再次证实川南地区煤层气资源前景可观[6]。川南宜宾地区作为川南煤层气勘探开发的主战场,近年来在局部地区取得突破,为推进该区煤层气大规模商业开发,优选出煤层气勘探开发有利区显得尤为关键,本文在利用区内大量煤炭勘查取得的煤层厚度、埋深、煤体结构、瓦斯数据等地质资料的基础上,结合页岩气、煤层气勘查取得的岩心、测井、试井、现场解吸及分析测试等资料,同时考虑到川南地区煤层具有层数多、单层厚度薄的特点,首次将“煤层集中度”(反映煤层气主力煤层层间距离的参数,主力煤层间距越小越有利于后期压裂合层排采)纳入煤层气选区评价参数体系,并采用多因素加权求和法优选出煤层气有利区并计算出煤层气资源量,以期为下一步该区煤层气勘探开发提供技术依据。

1 地质概况

川南宜宾地区位于四川盆地南缘的叙永-筠连叠加褶皱带,区内以北东向横排褶皱构造为主,主体构造为珙长背斜、罗场向斜和建武向斜(图1)。珙长背斜北陡南缓,北翼地层倾角40°~80°,南翼10°~20°,罗场向斜位于区内西部,该向斜轴线走向为近东西向,向斜南翼地层较陡,倾角较大,除核部的沙溪庙组地层约为10°外,一般在25°~40°;北翼地层较平缓,倾角较小,一般在5°~15°。建武向斜位于区内东部,轴线走向为近东西向,向斜南北两翼地层倾角都很平缓,倾角除个别地方外,一般在5°~10°。区内东部地区存在部分小型断层,总体上,该区构造简单,有利于煤层气保存。

图1 研究区构造纲要
Fig.1 Structural outline map of the study area

该区煤层气目的层位为上二叠统宣威组和龙潭组,宣威组和龙潭组是晚二叠世沉积的同期异相产物[7-8],西部宣威组上段波状层理、脉状层理发育,潮汐层理间断出现,属潮坪沉积环境,宣威组下段见平行层理、交错层理、冲刷构造,为冲积平原河流沉积环境。东部龙潭组含煤地层波状层理、水平层理、平行层理发育,岩性主要为粉-细砂岩,少见粗碎屑岩,以三角洲平原沉积为主。晚二叠世早期(吴家坪期),区内上罗以西为一广阔的冲积平原环境,在峨眉山玄武岩基底上沉积了一套以泥质岩、碎屑岩为主的陆相河流、湖泊沉积,含煤性差,为宣威组下段地层;往东逐渐过渡为三角洲海陆交互相沉积,含煤性变好,具可采煤层,为龙潭组。在晚二叠世晚期(长兴期),由于海岸线由东不断向西推进,使本区九丝城以西处于海陆交互相潮坪沉积环境,沉积了有数层可采煤层的宣威组上段组含煤地层;东部则相变为碳酸盐台地沉积环境,沉积了长兴组灰岩地层,并呈现出长兴组灰岩厚度自西往东逐渐增厚的趋势。由于沉积环境差异的影响,东西部煤层垂向分布差异较大,C1~C10煤层在西部宣威组上段较发育,东部龙潭组不发育,C11~C25煤层在东部龙潭组发育,在西部宣威组下段不发育,中部地区,宣威组上段C6~C10煤层发育且宣威组下段C24~C25煤层也见局部可采。受沉积环境影响,西部宣威组上段潮坪相含煤沉积煤层单层厚度较大,且煤层较为集中,横向发育较为稳定,龙潭组煤层主要发育在三角洲平原河漫沼泽微相,煤层受三角洲沉积变迁影响,垂向分布较为分散且横向连续性相对较差(图2)。

图2 煤层连井剖面对比
Fig.2 Cross section comparison of coal seams

2 煤层气地质条件

2.1 煤层分布

平面上,宣威组和龙潭组可采煤层总厚度变化较大,总体呈现出从西到东可采煤层总厚度减薄趋势,在孝儿-九丝城一带厚度最厚,达8.00 m以上,九丝城以东,总厚度普遍低于5.00 m。宣威组含可采煤层3~7层,煤层总厚3.68~10.02 m,平均厚6.28 m,龙潭组含可采煤层10余层,煤层总厚3.61~6.42 m,平均厚5.06 m。区内宣威组上段C7和C8煤层较集中,且单层厚度较大,有利于后期合层压裂排采,为区内煤层气开发的主要目的层,C7和C8煤层一般垂向间距1~5 m,局部地区两煤层合并,形成厚度大于5.00 m的厚煤层,C7和C8两层煤总厚1.05~6.00 m,孝儿镇-上罗镇地区两层煤层总厚最大,达4.00 m以上(图3),其中C7煤层单层厚度0.61~3.30 m,平均厚度1.64 m。平面上在上罗和文江地区该层煤厚度最大,达3.00 m以上;C8煤层单层厚度0.72~4.02 m,平均厚度1.80 m。总体上,本区C7和C8煤层总厚度较筠连沐爱地区厚度5 m左右偏薄,但差距不大。区内煤层埋深受构造控制明显,罗场向斜、符江向斜、相岭向斜和东部叙永向斜核部,埋深大于2 000 m,最深处达3 500 m,中部建武向斜、腾龙背斜、筠连背斜等地区,煤层埋深小于2 000 m,为目前煤层气重点勘探区域。

图3 C7+C8煤层厚度平面分布
Fig.3 Plane distribution of C7 and C8 coal seam thickness

2.2 煤储层特征

煤储层宏观煤岩类型以光亮-半亮型为主,半暗-暗淡型煤次之,煤体结构以原生-碎裂结构为主,成分可辨,结构完整,裂隙未错开层理,无揉皱及构造滑面。在断层发育和构造复杂区见碎粒-糜棱结构煤,宏观煤岩类型界限整体不可分辨,原生结构遭受破坏,层理难辨,较疏松,极易捻成煤粉或细小碎粒,不利于储层压裂改造[9-11]。煤储层显微组分总含量41.80%~90.00%,平均73.43%,以镜质组为主,惰质组次之,无壳质组组分。镜质组以基质镜质体为主,次为均质镜质体,呈条带状,透镜状分布;惰质组以氧化丝质体为主,次为火焚丝质体及真菌体;常见矿物总含量10.00%~58.20%,平均26.57%,以黏土矿物和石英为主,碳酸盐类和硫化物类含量较少。黏土矿物多呈浸染状分布于胞腔、基质体及裂隙中。碳酸盐类矿物多呈薄膜状分布在层面或裂隙中;硫化物类硫铁矿呈浸染状,星散状分布在基质体中或富集成层。煤层干燥无灰基挥发分一般小于10%,镜煤最大反射率平均2.5%,为高煤阶无烟煤,处于有利的生气阶段。

煤层气主要以吸附态存储于煤储层吸附孔隙中,割理是沟通裂隙和孔隙的桥梁,构造缝和压裂缝是气体运移产出的通道[12]。根据低温液氮吸附测试,该区煤储层BET比表面积20.5 m2/g,平均孔径6.31 nm,吸附孔隙发育。扫描电镜观察煤储层储集空间类型多样,主要发育有胞腔孔、气孔、粒间孔等。丝质体在丝炭化作用下,植物胞腔孔保存较好,椭圆状胞腔孔发育,部分被黏土矿物充填;基质镜质体在温压作用下生成大量的烃类气体,发育较多气孔。煤层镜煤条带中割理发育,裂隙密度达4条/cm2,局部被方解石充填(图4),经岩心测试,该区煤储层孔隙度3.62%~18.91%,平均孔隙度7.31%,渗透率0.008 3~7.867 2×10-15 m2,平均渗透率1.55×10-15 m2,为有利的煤储层。经注入压降试井测试,区内C7+C8煤层储层压力7.88 MPa,压力梯度1.14×10-2 MPa/m,属于异常高压煤储层,储层能量较高,为地面煤层气井排水降压及吸附态甲烷解吸创造了有利条件,有利于后期长期稳产[13]

图4 煤储层孔裂隙发育特征
Fig.4 Characteristics of pore and fracture in coal reservoir

2.3 煤层含气性特征

煤层岩心现场解吸含气量1.03~18.11 m3/t,平均10.53 m3/t,主要目标煤层C7和C8煤层含气量平均12.88 m3/t,与筠连沐爱地区煤层含气量相当。煤层解吸气气体组分主要为CH4,N2次之,含少量C2 H6,CO2和H2,煤层气CH4含量69.63%~99.30%,平均92.18%。根据等温吸附试验,该区煤层兰氏体积11.11~32.09 cm3/g,平均25.17 cm3/g,其中主力煤层C7和C8兰氏体积平均26.03 cm3/g,反映煤储层吸附能力较强。总体上,该区煤层含气性较好(图5),普遍大于10.00 m3/t,超过高煤阶煤层气资源含气量8 m3/t下限标准。根据注入压降试井测试、等温吸附和现场解吸结果计算,主力煤层C7和C8含气饱和度平均值68%,区内煤储层平均含气饱和度较沁水盆地南部(平均65.00%)和鄂尔多斯东南缘(平均58.00%)偏高[14-15],有利于煤储层快速解吸产气。平面上,煤层含气量受煤层埋深和断层破坏影响较大,在煤层埋深较大,构造简单地区煤层含气量较高,埋深较浅和断层发育地区煤层含气量较低。

图5 主力煤层含气量平面分布
Fig.5 Plane distribution of main coal seam gas content

3 煤层气资源量及有利区

基于煤层含气量、煤层厚度、含气面积、煤层密度数据,应用体积法计算出区内二叠系上统煤层气资源量为3 465.22×108 m3,资源丰度1.87×108 m3/km2,与筠连沐爱地区(煤层气资源丰度1.91×108 m3/km2)相近。按煤层埋藏深度来分,区内煤层埋深1 000 m以浅的煤层气资源量782.14×108 m3,占煤层气资源总量的22.57%,埋深1 000~2 000 m煤层气资源量1 511.83×108 m3,占煤层气资源总量的43.63%,埋深大于2 000 m煤层气资源量1 171.25×108 m3,占煤层气资源总量的33.80%。C7和C8煤组煤层气资源量2 239.15×108 m3,占煤层气资源总量的64.62%。目前,行业内多用灰色关联分析法、多层次模糊数学等方法对煤层气有利区进行定量优选[16-20],针对区内煤层气勘探程度较低,技术可采性参数缺乏特点,本次选用煤层埋深、煤系顶底板岩性、煤层厚度、含气量、煤层集中度、煤体结构6个关键参数,利用多因素加权求和法对煤层气进行选区评价,并参考《煤层气地质选区评价方法》(NB/T 10013—2014)确定选区评价参数隶属度函数和权重值(表1),根据各参数隶属度函数和权重系数加权求和计算出结果,其值越大则煤层气地质条件越有利。 经计算表明,区内白胶-底洞、腾达-仙峰、曹营地区可采煤层总厚度5~9 m,含气量11~24 m3/t,煤层埋深600~1 500 m。地层倾角较小,绝大部分小于20°,构造简单,断层不发育,煤系顶板为飞仙关组泥质岩,底板为峨眉山玄武岩,煤系顶底板岩性条件有利于煤层气保存,煤体结构为原生结构煤为主,煤层较为集中,C7-C8煤层间距小于5 m,属于最有利区;焦村-九丝城、文江-底洞、白腊、巡场北等地区煤层气地质条件达到规范最低要求,为次有利区,因现有煤层气勘探技术限制,煤层埋藏2 000 m以深地区本次不作评价,视作潜在有利区(图6)。建议下一步在最有利区内,充分利用现有煤田勘查和油气勘探资料,加快煤层气勘探开发,推动川南宜宾地区煤层气商业开发进程,为实现“十四五”煤层气开发目标增储上产。

表1 煤层气评价参数隶属度及权重参数

Table 1 The membership and weight coefficient of CBM evaluation parameter system

评价参数隶属度权重系数埋深H/m0(H<300)1(300≤H<1 000)1-(H-1 000)/2 000(1 000≤H<1 500)1-(H-1 000)/2 000(1 500≤H<2 000)0.5(>2 000)0.10煤系顶底板岩性1(顶板泥岩底板玄武岩)0.8(顶板泥岩+灰岩底板玄武岩)0.6(顶板泥岩+灰岩底板灰岩)0.4(顶板灰岩底板灰岩)0.15煤厚D/m0(D<2.0)1-(6-D)/4(2.0≤D<6.0) 1(D≥6.0)0.20含气量G/(m3·t-1)0(G<8.0)1-(15-G)/7(8.0≤G<15.0)1(G≥15.0)0.25煤层集中度1(C7和C8间距≤5 m)0.8(5 m

图6 煤层气有利区分布
Fig.6 Distribution of favorable areas for coalbed methane

4 结 论

1)川南宜宾地区煤层总厚度3.61~10.02 m,平均6.05 m,宣威组C7和C8煤层较集中,为该区煤层气开发主力煤层,受沉积环境差异影响,西部宣威组上段潮坪相含煤沉积煤层单层厚度较大,且煤层较为集中,横向发育较为稳定,东部“同层异相”的龙潭组三角洲平原河漫沼泽微相煤层受三角洲沉积变迁影响,垂向分布较为分散且横向连续性相对较差。

2)区内煤储层宏观煤岩类型以光亮-半亮型为主,储集空间类型多样,主要发育有胞腔孔、气孔、粒间孔等,煤层镜煤条带中割理发育,煤层含气量、渗透率较高,C7+C8煤层储层压力7.88 MPa,压力梯度1.14 MPa/100 m,属于异常高压煤储层,煤层气开发储层地质条件优势明显。

3)基于煤层含气量、煤层厚度、含气面积、煤层密度数据,应用体积法计算出区内二叠系上统煤层气资源量3 465.22×108 m3,资源丰度1.87×108 m3/km2,煤层气含气带选区评价属Ⅰ类级别,白胶-底洞、腾达-仙峰、曹营地区煤层厚度、埋深、含气量、煤体结构、煤层集中度等地质参数具有良好的协调匹配性,为下一步煤层气勘探开发最有利区域。

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Coalbed methane resource potential and favorable area optimization in Yibin Area, Southern Sichuan

YU Tingxu1, JIN Tao2, LUO Yong3, YIN Zhongshan1,ZHU Hanyou3, TIAN Mingcai1

(1.Sichuan Coalfield Geological Bureau, Chengdu 610072,China;2.Petro China Southwest Oil & Gasfield Company,Chengdu 610051,China; 3.Sichuan Institute of Coal Field Geological Engineering Exploration and Designing, Chengdu 610072,China)

Abstract:In recent years, great local breakthroughs have been made in the exploration of coalbed methane in Upper Permian coal measures in Yibin area of southern Sichuan. It is urgent to optimize the favorable area of coalbed methane so as to promote the large-scale commercial development of coalbed methane. Based on the data of coal seam thickness and gas content in the coal field drilling, combined with the data of core, logging, well test, field desorption and analysis test of shale gas and coalbed methane exploration , the geological conditions of coalbed methane and the potential of coalbed methane resources in the area are analyzed.A comprehensive evaluation was carried out, and geological parameters such as coal seam burial depth, roof and floor lithology, thickness, gas content, coal seam concentration, and coal body structure were selected, and the weighted sum method was used to optimize the coalbed methane favorable area. The results show that the total thickness of coal seams in this area is 3.61-10.02 m, with an average of 6.05 m. Affected by the depositional environment, the vertical distribution of Xuanwei Formation coal seam in the west is relatively concentrated, while the vertical distribution of Longtan Formation coal seams in the East is relatively scattered. The C7 and C8 coal seams of the Xuanwei Formation are distributed vertically. It is relatively concentrated and is the main coal seam for CBM development in this area; the macroscopic coal rock types of coal reservoirs are mainly bright and semi-bright, and there are various types of storage spaces, main6ly developed with intracellular pores, air pores, intergranular pores, etc. The cleats are developed in the coal seam strip, and the pore fracture system structure is reasonable. The gas content of desorption coal seam is 1.03-18.11 m3/t, with an average of 10.53 m3/t; The upper Permian CBM resource in this area is 3 465.22×108 m3, and the resource abundance is 1.87×108 m3/km2. The geological conditions of coalbed methane are similar to those in Mu′ai area, and the abnormally high pressure reservoirs are developed with simple structure. The conditions for coalbed methane accumulation are better. The coal seam in the Xianfeng area has moderate burial depth, thick thickness, high gas content, good coal seam concentration, simple structure, and is dominated by primary-fractured structures. It is a key area for the next coalbed methane exploration.

Key words:coalbed methane; geological conditions; resource potential;weighted sum method;optimization of favorable areas

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喻廷旭,金 涛,罗 勇,等.川南宜宾地区煤层气资源潜力及有利区优选[J].煤炭科学技术,2022,50(9):130-137.

YU Tingxu, JIN Tao, LUO Yong,et al.Coalbed methane resource potential and favorable area optimization in Yibin Area, Southern Sichuan[J].Coal Science and Technology,2022,50(9):130-137.

收稿日期:2021-10-02

责任编辑:常 琛

DOI:10.13199/j.cnki.cst.2021-0359

作者简介:喻廷旭(1989—),男,四川安岳人,工程师,硕士研究生。E-mail:645636435@qq.com

中图分类号:TE122.2

文献标志码:A

文章编号:0253-2336(2022)09-0130-08