Accumulation effect of soil aggregate organic carbon in mixed forest in open-pit coal mine
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摘要:
采矿活动导致土壤养分及碳库损失，针对露天矿长期植被重建后土壤养分状况尤其是有机质恢复情况的研究迫在眉睫。研究在黑岱沟露天煤矿北排土场上选择复垦近20 a的油松纯林和油松混交林，对复垦区团聚体稳定性及相关碳库恢复情况等进行了全面系统的研究。研究结果表明：油松混交林土壤团聚体稳定性优于油松纯林，0～10 cm表层土壤中，油松山杏杨树混交林团聚体稳定性最佳，油松杨树混交林次之；0～20、20～30 cm亚表层土壤中，杨树油松混交林平均质量直径和几何平均直径较大，分形维数最小，整体看相对于其他3种植被组合表现出更好的土壤结构稳定性；油松混交林土壤有机碳含量高于油松纯林，3种混交林中油松山杏杨树混交林提高效果最佳，比油松纯林高104.96%。混交林提高了惰性有机碳的占比，增强了土壤碳库的稳定性。同一土层土壤团聚体各粒径有机碳及其组分含量基本上表现为油松混交林样地高于油松样地，并且含量均随土层加深而逐渐降低。各粒级团聚体易氧化有机碳和惰性有机碳变化规律与团聚体有机碳变化规律相似，呈倒V型分布。0.25～2 mm粒级团聚体土壤有机碳和易氧化有机碳含量显著高于其他粒级。对总有机碳影响较大的因子是土壤全氮含量和平均质量直径；对易氧化有机碳含量影响较大的因子是全氮含量和pH，对颗粒有机碳含量影响较大的因子包括土壤全氮含量、速效钾含量和平均质量直径。土壤有机碳及活性炭含量与多样性指数、植被生物量、枯落物生物量均呈显著正相关关系。总体而言，研究结果表明黑岱沟露天矿排土场油松混交种植的修复效果优于油松纯林种植，且从土壤有机碳恢复效果看“油松+山杏+杨树“混交种植的修复效果最佳。
Abstract:Mining activities result in the depletion of soil nutrients and carbon reservoirs. A pressing need exists to examine soil nutrient status, particularly the recovery of organic matter following prolonged revegetation in open pit mines. In a nearly two-decade-long reclamation effort at the northern dump of Heidaigou Open-pit Coal Mine, both pure pine forests and mixed pine forests were chosen. A thorough and systematic investigation into aggregate stability and the recovery of associated carbon pools in the reclaimed area was undertaken. The study findings revealed that: Soil aggregate stability was superior in pine mixed forests compared to pure pine forests. In the 0-10 cm surface soil, the highest aggregate stability occurred in pine, mountain, apricot, and poplar mixed forest, followed by pine and poplar mixed forest. In the 0−20 cm and 20−30 cm subsurface soils, poplar and Chinese pine mixed forests exhibited larger average mass diameter and geometric mean diameter, with the smallest fractal dimension. In comparison to the other three vegetation combinations, the overall stability of soil structure was superior. Chinese pine mixed forests displayed higher soil organic carbon content than Chinese pine pure forests. The mixed forest elevated the proportion of inert organic carbon, enhancing soil carbon pool stability. In the same soil layer, the content of organic carbon and its components in each particle size of soil aggregates was generally higher in Chinese pine mixed forests than in Chinese pine pure forests, gradually decreasing with soil depth. Changes in oxidizable organic carbon and inert organic carbon in aggregates of each particle size mirrored those of organic carbon, exhibiting an inverted V-shaped distribution. Soil organic carbon and easily oxidizable organic carbon content in aggregates of 0.25−2 mm size were significantly higher than in other size groups. Influential factors on total organic carbon include soil total nitrogen content and mean mass diameter (MWD); those affecting easily oxidizable organic carbon content are total nitrogen content and pH value, and the factors influencing particulate organic carbon content include soil total nitrogen content, available potassium content, and mean mass diameter. Soil organic carbon and active carbon contents were significantly positively correlated with diversity index, vegetation biomass, and litter biomass. Overall, the study results demonstrate that the restoration impact of the mixed pine forest in the Heidaigou open-pit mine dump surpasses that of the pure Chinese pine forest. Notably, the mixed plantation of “Chinese pine + apricot + poplar” exhibits the most effective recovery of soil organic carbon.
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图 2 不同植被林下草本生物量和凋落物生物量
Figure 2. Herbaceous biomass and litter biomass of different vegetation types
表 1 样地设置
Table 1 Sample plot setup
样地 复垦位置 复垦年限 生长状况 油松 北排土场1275平台 2004年 油松：树高4.3 m、胸径24.5 cm 油松山杏 北排土场1275平台 2004年 油松树高4.2 m、胸径21.3 cm / 山杏树高2.2 m、胸径14.3 cm 油松杨树 北排土场1275平台 2004年 杨树高7.4 m、胸径 25.4 cm / 油松树高3.2 m、胸径16.1 cm 油松山杏杨树 北排土场1275平台 2004年 杨树高8.9 m、胸径39.2 cm / 油松树高2.4 m、胸径10.0 cm / 山杏株高1.9 m、胸径14.5 cm 
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表 2 植被群落多样性分析
Table 2 Aboveground and underground biomass of maize under different treatments
林分类型 Shannon
多样性指数Pielou
均匀度指数Simpson
优势度指数Margalef
丰富度指数油松 0.380±0.038c 0.473±0.061c 0.775±0.033a 0.510±0.106b 油松山杏 0.740±0.034b 0.674±0.031b 0.536±0.027b 0.914±0.027b 油松杨树 1.792±0.048a 0.864±0.008a 0.168±0.007c 2.074±0.221a 油松山杏杨树 1.534±0.152a 0.773±0.043ab 0.282±0.066c 1.604±0.215a 注：小写字母代表各指标在不同植被组合之间显著性差异，显著性水平为：P<0.05。
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表 3 不同植被组合土壤理化性质
Table 3 Soil physical and chemical properties of different vegetation combinations
林分类型 土层深度/cm pH 全氮含量/
（g·kg−1）全磷含量/
（g·kg−1）全钾含量/
（g·kg−1）速效磷含量/
（mg·kg−1）速效钾含量/
（mg·kg−1）油松 0～10 8.07±0.02Ba 0.19±0.01Ac 0.43±0.01Aa 6.32±0.17Ad 1.99±0.06Bb 132.51±2.54Ab 10～20 8.15±0.03ABa 0.17±0.01Bb 0.41±0.01Ba 5.99±0.25Ac 2.38±0.04Ab 83.54±1.98Ba 20～30 8.27±0.03Aa 0.13±0.01Cb 0.41±0.01Ba 5.98±0.30Ac 2.51±0.09Ad 73.15±1.68Cc 油松山杏 0～10 8.14±0.03Ba 0.21±0.01Ac 0.39±0.01Ab 8.25±0.29Ac 2.21±0.07Ca 135.74±4.45Ab 10～20 8.22±0.01ABa 0.15±0.01Bb 0.37±0.00Bb 7.58±0.41Ab 2.43±0.05Bb 89.66±2.15Ba 20～30 8.26±0.03Aa 0.13±0.01Ba 0.36±0.01Bc 7.51±0.18Ab 3.25±0.09Ac 77.65±0.96Cc 油松杨树 0～10 8.12±0.05Aa 0.24±0.01Ab 0.45±0.01Aa 11.23±0.26Aa 1.61±0.06Cc 149.69±2.98Aa 10～20 8.15±0.02Aa 0.19±0.02Bb 0.40±0.02Ba 10.80±0.22ABa 2.09±0.11Bc 88.79±1.85Ba 20～30 8.24±0.07Aa 0.18±0.01Ba 0.37±0.01Cb 9.85±0.36Ba 3.62±0.08Ab 80.95±1.23Cb 油松山杏杨树 0～10 8.22±0.02Aa 0.29±0.02Aa 0.43±0.01Aa 9.54±0.16Ab 1.97±0.05Cb 105.76±1.78Ac 10～20 8.23±0.01Aa 0.23±0.02Bb 0.41±0.01Ba 8.31±0.29Bb 3.74±0.11Ba 89.45±2.10Ba 20～30 8.24±0.03Aa 0.19±0.02Ba 0.39±0.01Cb 8.24±0.15Bb 4.66±0.08Aa 87.33±0.68Ba 注：不同小写字母表示同一土层不同植被组合之间的差异；不同大写字母表示同一植被不同土层之间的差异，显著性水平为：P<0.05。
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表 4 不同植被组合土壤团聚体粒径分布
Table 4 Particle size distribution of soil aggregates in different vegetation types
林分类型 土层深度/cm 不同粒径下各团聚体质量分数/% >5 mm 2～5 mm 1～2 mm 0.5～1 mm 0.25～0.5 mm <0.25 mm 油松 0～10 19.42±0.74Ba 9.71±0.22Cc 10.43±0.28Cd 9.99±0.71Cbc 11.04±0.58Ca 39.04±0.36Aa 10～20 32.73±0.39Ac 11.69±0.38Cc 11.69±0.47Cb 7.47±0.34Db 5.1±0.27Eb 31.29±0.37Ba 20～30 46.1±0.29Aa 12.02±0.39Cb 7.64±0.17Db 3.27±0.13Ec 2.24±0.15Fc 28.7±0.53Bb 油松山杏 0～10 19.35±0.62Ba 10.58±0.24Ebc 14.16±0.5Db 16.14±0.32Ca 8.62±0.3Fb 31.11±0.7Ac 10～20 45.33±0.95Aa 13.56±0.47Cb 9.77±0.28Dc 4.43±0.6Ec 4.18±0.3Ec 22.7±0.75Bb 20～30 43.83±1.47Aab 13.9±0.31Cb 8.28±0.27Db 4±0.45Ec 2.48±0.2Ec 27.47±0.56Bb 油松杨树 0～10 19.29±0.8Ba 11.25±0.28Cb 11.77±0.19Cc 11.46±0.3Cb 12.19±0.55Ca 34.01±0.73Ab 10～20 38.99±0.84Ab 15.31±0.41Ca 12.87±0.32Db 9.32±0.6Ea 6.11±0.33Fa 17.37±0.7Bc 20～30 42.74±0.66Ab 15.9±0.76Ca 10.48±0.5Da 6.99±0.35Ea 4.53±0.2Fa 19.33±0.28Bc 油松山杏杨树 0～10 21.76±0.78Ba 20.69±0.49Ba 17.75±0.29Ca 8.65±0.34Dc 4.15±0.28Ec 27.31±0.74Ad 10～20 24.5±0.35Bd 15.26±0.38Ca 14.75±0.4Ca 9.64±0.5Da 5.13±0.16Eb 30.69±0.44Aa 20～30 33.77±0.44Ac 13.61±0.71Bb 10.28±0.53Ca 5.57±0.21Db 3.32±0.16Eb 33.43±0.51Aa
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表 5 不同粒径土壤团聚体颗粒及矿物有机碳占比
Table 5 Proportion of active organic carbon in soil agglomerates of different grain sizes
植被类型 土层深度/cm 矿物结合态有机碳与总有机碳含量之比 颗粒有机碳与总有机碳含量之比 <0.25 mm 0.25～2 mm >2 mm <0.25 mm 0.25～2 mm >2 mm 油松 0～10 35.93% 82.18% 49.26% 64.07% 17.82% 50.74% 10～20 49.62% 76.48% 40.49% 50.38% 23.52% 59.51% 20～30 51.24% 75.40% 27.04% 48.76% 24.60% 72.96% 油松山杏 0～10 65.61% 81.26% 81.29% 34.39% 18.74% 18.71% 10～20 44.10% 83.32% 79.83% 55.90% 16.68% 20.17% 20～30 55.74% 87.67% 77.75% 44.26% 12.33% 22.25% 杨树油松 0～10 71.91% 86.42% 71.82% 28.09% 13.58% 28.18% 10～20 76.69% 88.17% 78.82% 23.31% 11.83% 21.18% 20～30 72.68% 89.97% 77.73% 27.32% 10.03% 22.27% 杨树油松山杏 0～10 51.69% 77.25% 62.85% 48.31% 22.75% 37.15% 10～20 58.22% 85.91% 54.80% 41.78% 14.09% 45.20% 20～30 61.54% 90.24% 68.63% 38.46% 9.76% 31.37%
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表 6 多元回归分析标准化方程
Table 6 Standardized equation of multiple regression analysis
因变量 标准化多元回归方程 有机碳含量 Y1=0.649X1+0.268X2+0.122X3+0.167X4−0.981X5+0.076X6−0.139X7+0.56X8−1.42X9−0.221X10 颗粒有机碳含量 Y2=0.162X1+0.11X2+0.414X3−0.047X4−0.581X5+0.022X6−0.078X7−1.512X8+0.595X9−0.076X10 矿物结合态有机碳含量 Y3=0.747X1+0.319X2−0.043X3+0.228X4−0.864X5−0.022X6−0.128X7+1.618X8−2.22X9−0.375X10
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表 7 土壤有机碳与土壤理化因子间的直接和间接通径系数
Table 7 Direct and indirect path coefficients between soil organic carbon and soil physical and chemical factors
因变量 间接通径系数 →X1 →X2 →X3 →X4 →X5 →X6 →X7 →X8 →X9 →X10 合计 Y1 0.177 0.065 −0.045 −0.533 −0.040 0.021 −0.334 0.648 0.099 0.058 0.428 0.018 −0.088 −0.559 −0.031 0.019 −0.270 0.520 0.002 0.038 0.348 0.039 −0.016 −0.293 −0.025 −0.001 −0.112 0.105 0.152 0.196 −0.173 −0.141 −0.012 0.542 0.028 −0.046 0.197 −0.344 −0.050 0.000 0.352 0.153 0.036 −0.092 −0.056 0.070 −0.490 1.139 0.021 1.133 −0.341 −0.109 −0.041 0.062 0.726 −0.050 0.404 −0.851 −0.069 −0.269 −0.099 −0.036 0.001 0.055 0.491 0.027 0.274 −0.642 −0.016 0.055 −0.387 −0.129 −0.024 0.059 0.858 0.055 −0.068 −1.366 −0.013 −1.016 −0.296 −0.098 −0.009 0.040 0.787 0.046 −0.063 0.539 0.032 0.977 −0.291 −0.002 −0.084 0.038 0.095 0.024 −0.010 0.032 0.203 0.005 Y2 0.073 0.222 0.013 −0.315 −0.012 0.012 0.903 −0.271 0.034 0.657 0.107 0.060 0.025 −0.331 −0.009 0.010 0.729 −0.218 0.001 0.374 0.087 0.016 0.005 −0.174 −0.007 −0.001 0.302 −0.044 0.052 0.236 −0.043 −0.058 −0.041 0.321 0.008 −0.026 −0.531 0.144 −0.017 −0.243 0.088 0.063 0.124 0.026 −0.016 0.039 1.323 −0.477 0.007 1.176 −0.085 −0.045 −0.138 −0.017 0.430 −0.028 −1.090 0.356 −0.024 −0.641 −0.025 −0.015 0.003 −0.016 0.291 0.008 −0.739 0.269 −0.006 −0.229 −0.097 −0.053 −0.083 −0.016 0.508 0.016 −0.038 0.572 −0.004 0.805 −0.074 −0.040 −0.031 −0.011 0.466 0.013 −0.035 −1.455 0.011 −1.156 −0.073 −0.001 −0.285 −0.011 0.056 0.007 −0.006 −0.088 −0.085 −0.484 Y3 0.211 −0.023 −0.061 −0.469 0.012 0.019 −0.966 1.012 0.168 −0.097 0.493 −0.006 −0.120 −0.492 0.009 0.017 −0.780 0.813 0.003 −0.064 0.400 0.046 −0.022 −0.258 0.007 −0.001 −0.324 0.164 0.258 0.271 −0.199 −0.168 0.004 0.477 −0.008 −0.042 0.568 −0.537 −0.085 0.009 0.406 0.182 −0.013 −0.126 0.016 0.064 −1.416 1.780 0.036 0.930 −0.392 −0.130 0.014 0.084 0.639 −0.046 1.167 −1.330 −0.117 −0.111 −0.114 −0.043 0.000 0.076 0.432 −0.008 0.791 −1.003 −0.027 0.104 −0.446 −0.154 0.009 0.080 0.756 −0.016 −0.063 −2.136 −0.022 −1.991 −0.341 −0.117 0.003 0.055 0.693 −0.013 −0.058 1.557 0.054 1.833 −0.335 −0.003 0.030 0.052 0.084 −0.007 −0.009 0.094 0.317 0.223
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表 8 土壤有机碳与植物因子的相关性
Table 8 Relationship between soil organic and plant characteristic factors
因子 Shannon
多样性指数Pielou
均匀性指数Simpson
优势度指数Margalef
丰富度指数植物
生物量枯落物
生物量总有机碳 0.582* −0.567 0.465 0.479 0.816** 0.790** 颗粒有机碳 0.707* −0.617* 0.704* 0.423 0.800** 0.857** 矿物结合有机碳 0.541 0.466 −0.537 0.412 0.789** 0.748** 注：*为P<0.05；**为P<0.01；***为P<0.001。
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