Abstract: In order to reveal the structural characteristics of microbial communities in acid mine drainage(AMD) under different redox environmental conditions and the interaction between microbial communities and groundwater environment, Select the typical abandoned coal mining area in the Shandi River basin of the Niangziguan Spring area, and collect AMD samples from different redox environments for Hydrochemical characteristics and isotope analysis and the high-throughput sequencing of the V4, V5 region of microbial 16S rRNA. The analysis of Hydrochemical characteristics and isotope indicates that the hydrochemical characteristics of AMD are mainly influenced by pH and surrounding rock. The analysis of hydrochemical isotopes shows that the hydrochemical characteristics of AMD are mainly influenced by pH and rock water interaction. Under aerobic and anaerobic environments, the pH of AMD is negatively correlated with Eh; The pH of AMD in anaerobic and hypoxic environments is negatively correlated with Fe³⁺and Eh.The Ca and Mg ions in AMD mainly come from the dissolution of calcite and dolomite in the surrounding rock and coal. The K and Na ions in AMD mainly come from the dissolution of silicate rocks such as feldspar under acidic conditions; The main source of \mathrmSO_4^2- and Fe content in AMD is the oxidation of pyrite in coal-bearing strata; The sulfur isotope evolution of AMD is characterized by lower δ³⁴S–\mathrmSO_4^2- values in aerobic environments and higher δ³⁴S–\mathrmSO_4^2- values in anaerobic and hypoxic environments. The analysis of the microbial diversity impact of AMD in the bottom of the mountain basin shows that the lower the pH, the lower the bacterial abundance and diversity of the sample; The higher the temperature, the higher the bacterial abundance and diversity of the sample. Through the correlation analysis between the microbial community and environmental factors of AMD, it was found that the dominant bacterial genera in the Liugou are Ferrovum, Gallionella and Ferritrophicum. The dominant genera of AMD in the Miaogou open-pit mine are Ferrovum, Gallionella and Acidithiobacillus. The dominant genera of AMD in Yulinnao drilling are Ferrovum and Gallionella. The microbial community of AMD in the Shandi River Basin is greatly affected by pH, temperature and precipitation.