Three-dimensional fracture migration evolution law of overburden rock in steeply dipping working face
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摘要:
大倾角煤层安全高效开采的关键是对采场围岩与装备的多维耦合控制，定量化表征大倾角采场覆岩空间结构破断特征、采动裂隙发育和空隙分布特征是实现该类煤层精准岩层控制的前提。以大倾角长壁大采高工作面为工程背景，采用数值计算、现场实测与理论分析相结合的研究方法，在厘定覆岩空间移动变形规律的基础上，引入三维曲率、岩体空隙率及分形几何理论定量描述了采场不同区域破断岩块的运移–堆砌–铰接特征及岩体裂隙分布规律，实现了大倾角大采高工作面开采过程中三维结构组成及采动裂隙场空间占位的动态精细定量表征。研究表明，大倾角大采高破断顶板在采场空间发生了多维度耦合的非均衡运动，中、上部顶板以垂直岩层运动为主，下部顶板演变为倾向下滑。顶板破坏形式沿倾向、走向、垂向呈现三维区域异化，上部破断岩块错层、跨层迁移形成倾斜砌体结构，采空区后方存在“非均匀矸石–弯曲悬臂梁–破断岩块”承载结构形成非均匀空顶区域，承载结构相互约束，随倾向位置、覆岩层位不同发生动态演化。支架阻力分区波动性分布，中部阻力>上、下部，走向非同步来压。曲率分布呈“横、竖 O–X”形态，“O”型内部垮落岩块非平行同步下沉，倾向、反倾向堆砌结构并存，正负曲率不一，岩块间形成弱铰接结构。随覆岩层位升高，离层破坏区域向中下部和采空区中部偏移，岩体空隙率和分形维数呈现先增大后减小的现象。研究结果揭示了采空区内部覆岩三维破断运移规律，丰富了大倾角煤层岩层控制理论，也为顶板岩层运移规律的精细定量分析提供了新方法。
Abstract:The key to safe and efficient mining of steeply dipping coal seam is the multi-dimensional coupling control of surrounding rock and equipment. Quantitative characterization of the spatial structure fracture characteristics of the overlying rock, the development of mining fractures, and the distribution characteristics of voids in the mining area are the prerequisites for achieving precise rock layer control in such coal seams. Based on the engineering background of steeply dipping longwall and large mining height working face, the research methods of numerical calculation, field measurement and theoretical analysis are combined. On the basis of determining the spatial movement and deformation law of overburden rock, the three-dimensional curvature, rock porosity, and fractal geometry theory were introduced to quantitatively describe the migration, stacking, and hinge characteristics of fractured rock blocks in different areas of the mining site, as well as the distribution law of rock fractures, Realized the dynamic and precise quantitative characterization of the three-dimensional structural composition and spatial occupancy of mining induced fracture fields during the mining process of steeply dipping and high mining height working faces. Research has shown that the fractured roof with steeply dipping and high mining height undergoes multi-dimensional coupled non equilibrium movement in the mining space. The middle and upper roof mainly moves vertically, while the lower roof evolves into a inclined downward movement. The form of roof failure presents three-dimensional regional differentiation along the dip, strike, and vertical directions. The upper broken rock blocks are staggered and migrated across layers to form a masonry structure. Behind the goaf, there is a “non-uniform gangue – curved cantilever beam – broken rock block” bearing structure that forms a non-uniform empty roof area. The bearing structures are constrained by each other and undergo dynamic evolution with different dip positions and overlying rock layers. The support resistance is distributed in fluctuating zones, with the middle resistance being greater than the upper and lower parts, and the strike is not synchronized with the pressure. The curvature distribution shows a “horizontal and vertical O–X” shape, and the “O” shaped internal collapsed rock blocks sink non parallel and synchronously. The inclined and anti inclined stacking structures coexist, and the positive and negative curvature sizes vary, forming weak articulated structures between the rock blocks. As the overburden layer increases, the detachment failure area shifts towards the middle and lower parts and the middle part of the goaf, and the porosity and fractal dimension of the rock mass first increase and then decrease. The research results have revealed the three-dimensional fracture movement law of the overlying rock within the goaf, enriched the control theory of the steeply dipping coal seam strata, and provided a new method for precise quantitative analysis of the movement law of the roof strata.
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图 9 覆岩裂隙二值图及分维值
Figure 9. Binary map and fractal dimension map of overlying rock fractures
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图 13 采场围岩与装备协同分区控制
Figure 13. Multidimensional collaborative zoning control of surrounding rock and equipment in mining areas
表 1 煤岩体及节理力学参数
Table 1 Mechanical parameters of coal rock mass and joints
岩石名称 容 重/(kg·m−3) 体积模量/MPa 剪切模量/MPa 法向刚度/MPa 切向刚度/MPa 内摩擦角/(°) 底板 2 420 4 167 2 869 2130 1670 19 直接底 2 550 3 435 3 876 1650 2055 20 煤层 1 350 2 381 1 163 1100 620 18 直接顶 2 530 3 372 3 816 1800 1920 12 基本顶 2 640 9 302 9 137 5200 5230 16 覆岩 2 530 3 372 3 816 1800 1920 12 
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