Abstract: This study investigates tensile-shear fracture distributions and stress evolution in roadway surrounding rock under differential principal stresses with axis rotation, employing integrated theoretical-simulation-numerical methods for deep mining with unilateral goaf. Meso-scale fracture mechanisms are characterized, and targeted control strategies are developed for distinct failure modes. The results show: Catastrophic shear slippage along primary fracture lines constitutes the predominant mechanism governing surrounding rock mass destabilization. The slippage trajectory length exhibits a positive correlation with principal stress ratio (σ₁/σ₃), while progressively propagating into deeper regions of the rock mass under elevated stress anisotropy. Progressive principal stress axis rotation drives macro-meso tensile-shear fracture networks in roadways to undergo an evolutionary transition from stress-induced asymmetric lateral butterfly lobes-cruciform configurations-vertical butterfly anomalies, governed by multi-scale stress redistribution mechanisms. Three distinct macro-meso failure modes emerge in tensile-shear fractured surrounding rock under principal stress axis rotation: The failure mode features rib-side shallow tensile failure, deep critical shear slip in corner zones, and symmetrical roof-floor convergence; Asymmetric failure mode manifests with left shoulder、right toe tensile-shear damage, deep roof-floor critical slip anomalies, and right shoulder、left toe differential deformation; The failure mode features roof-floor shallow tensile failure, deep corner shear-slip coupling, and rib-side symmetrical deformation. The principal stress ratio exhibits a nonlinear positive correlation with the difference between the principal stress difference of the sidewalls and the roof/floor. During principal stress axis rotation, the failure mechanism of roadway surrounding rock progresses through distinct evolutionary phases dominated by critical stress tensor components. A mechanism-adaptive control methodology has been developed for distinct tensile-shear fracture modes, guided by precision-targeted control principles. This framework establishes theoretical foundations for enhancing support system efficacy and optimizing ground control costs in deep mining operations.