Abstract: During coal seam mining, complex geological structures such as faults, weathered zones, and folds often lead to hazards such as collapses and roof falls, threatening production safety and increasing roadway maintenance costs. To provide scientific guidance for the safe and efficient passage of longwall panels through such complex structural zones, this study takes the No. 6106 panel of the Hongshuliang Coal Mine in Inner Mongolia as its engineering background. Facing severe coal–rock weathering, difficulty in panel advancement, and instability of surrounding rock, a systematic investigation was carried out. A mining sequence of “inclination adjustment-roadway exposure-support withdrawal-panel narrowing” was established and optimized for crossing structural zones, and its key parameters were quantitatively analyzed based on mechanical stability criteria. The results reveal the dynamic migration of stress concentration in the stope and the deformation characteristics of surrounding rock during the roadway exposure and support withdrawal process, and clarify the distribution law of supporting stress within the gradient coal pillar. As the panel advances, the stope stress concentration gradually shifts from the middle of the face to the structural-zone coal pillar; the surrounding rock stress concentration zone migrates from the panel side toward the structural-zone side, showing a spatial transfer trend from the lower left to the upper right. Surrounding rock stability varies significantly across advancement stages: when approaching the withdrawal roadway, stress and deformation increase markedly, roof subsidence becomes pronounced, and load-bearing capacity declines sharply, requiring targeted reinforcement. Based on the mechanical response characteristics of surrounding rock at each stage, a stage-specific dynamic joint support system was proposed—using a “bolt-mesh-cable” support mode in the early exposure phase, followed by the sequential implementation of “single beam with three props→single beam with four props→localized reinforcement support” as the face advances. Field application and monitoring results demonstrate that the proposed support scheme effectively controls surrounding rock deformation, improves roadway stability, reduces maintenance costs, and mitigates failure risks, providing reliable theoretical and technical support for the safe and efficient extraction of ultra-thick coal seam longwall panels through complex structural zones.