Abstract: Underground coal mines in western China are characterized by large single mining thickness, long work face lengths, large cross-sections of the mining roadway, and fast work face advance rates. An accelerated advance rate affects the development of mining-induced fractures and significantly impacts the water-bearing environment in the mining area. It is also more likely to trigger a cascade effect, resulting in the high accumulation and sudden release of elastic energy in thick-hard overburden strata, which leads to frequent occurrences of compound dynamic disasters such as persistent large deformation of roadway surrounding rock, rockbursts, and mining-induced seismic events. Therefore, the effect of mining rate on the evolution mechanism of compound dynamic disasters in western mining areas requires clarification, and a reasonable mining rate threshold for disaster mitigation and control needs to be determined. Using Xiaojihan coal mine in Shaanxi’s Yuheng mining area as a case study, theoretical analysis, experimental studies, and numerical modeling are applied. The movement and energy accumulation-release events of thick-hard overburden strata under current advance rates are analyzed. The energy-fracture relationship under different advance rates is examined. Fracture network development throughout the mining process is revealed. Key parameters such as fracture height, spatial density, and overburden damage ratio are quantified in relation to advance rate. Results show that advance rate strongly influences fracture expansion and dynamic events in thick-hard strata. At 12 m/d, a larger fracture area and significant energy concentration are observed. As advance rate increases, fracture height decreases, stress concentration zones shrink, and peak stress moves toward the panel end, raising the risk of dynamic disasters. Energy accumulation zones follow stress paths but lag behind stress changes. Mining-induced fractures expand rapidly during energy release, showing a clear energy-fracture chain effect. The fracture zone is divided into a central “compacted area” and end “fracture-concentrated areas”. Fractures in the compacted area go through four stages: initiation, growth, connection, and closure. Fracture density first increases and then decreases with mining advance. Overburden damage decreases steadily as advance rate rises. Taking into account the risks of energy accumulation-induced disasters, fracture development, and overburden damage ratio at different advance rates, a reasonable advance rate threshold of 12–15 m/d is determined for Xiaojihan coal mine to mitigate damage and control disasters.