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液氮冻融差异煤阶逐级加载下力学损伤与孔隙率应力敏感性

Evolution of mechanical damage and porosity stress sensitivity under stepwise loading of liquid nitrogen freeze-thaw differential coal rank

  • 摘要: 液氮致裂作为一种新型的无水化致裂技术,能够有效改造煤层渗透性,但其诱发裂隙易受地应力作用闭合,制约增透时效。因而有必要研究液氮致裂后煤体在垂直地应力影响下孔隙结构和应力敏感性变化,以优化液氮压裂工艺参数、设计合理的瓦斯抽采间距和支撑剂布置方案。为定量评估这一问题,选取典型的低、中、高阶煤为研究对象,结合液氮冻融循环、力学测试与核磁共振(NMR)技术,探究3种煤阶在不同液氮冻融次数下力学特性变化,以及液氮冻融煤样在不同轴向应力条件逐级加载下孔隙结构演化,进而建立起孔隙率应力敏感性与煤阶、应力、冻融次数的关系。结果表明:经过液氮冻融循环处理后,3种煤样抗压强度、弹性模量、波速均会发生下降,且与循环次数存在显著负相关关系;当煤体受轴向应力作用,在一定应力范围内,孔隙、孔喉会出现减小现象,经过液氮冻融处理的煤样由于力学性能下降,致使孔隙减小的现象更加显著,孔隙最大闭合度可达0.679%;液氮冻融煤体基于孔隙率、声速和弹性模量确定的损伤变量与冻融次数呈正相关关系,其中以孔隙率和波速定义的双参数损伤变量更准确,损伤程度变化褐煤>烟煤>无烟煤,煤体应力敏感性和孔隙率压缩率在应力较小时呈线性下降,在孔隙率压缩率>0时,随冻融次数增加而增加,试验中3种煤阶应力敏感性褐煤>烟煤>无烟煤。研究结果揭示了液氮冻融显著增强了煤体在应力作用下的孔隙闭合与损伤破坏倾向,为定量分析液氮致裂煤体裂隙在地应力下的闭合行为及优化瓦斯抽采参数提供了理论参考。

     

    Abstract: As an innovative water-free fracturing technology, liquid nitrogen fracturing is capable of effectively improving coal-seam permeability. Nevertheless, fractures induced by this technology are readily closed under in-situ stress, which restricts the permeability-enhancing efficiency. Changes in pore structure and stress sensitivity of coal subjected to vertical in-situ stress after liquid nitrogen fracturing therefore need to be investigated, so as to optimize process parameters of liquid nitrogen fracturing and formulate reasonable schemes for gas-drainage spacing and proppant arrangement. Typical low-rank, medium-rank and high-rank coals are selected as research subjects. Combined with liquid nitrogen freeze-thaw cycles, mechanical tests and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology, variations in mechanical properties of three coal ranks under different liquid nitrogen freeze-thaw times, as well as the pore-structure evolution of freeze-thaw-treated coal samples under stepwise axial-stress loading, are explored. Relationships of porosity stress sensitivity with coal rank, stress and freeze-thaw times are further established. The results demonstrate that the compressive strength, elastic modulus and wave velocity of the three types of coal samples are reduced after liquid nitrogen freeze-thaw cyclic treatment, and significant negative correlations are identified between these mechanical parameters and cycle times. Within a certain stress range, pores and pore throats are shrunk under axial stress. Such pore-shrinkage behavior is aggravated for freeze-thaw-treated coal samples owing to the degradation of mechanical properties, and the maximum pore-closure degree reaches 0.679%. Damage variables determined from porosity, acoustic velocity and elastic modulus of freeze-thaw-treated coal are positively correlated with freeze-thaw times. The two-parameter damage variable defined by porosity and wave velocity exhibits higher accuracy, and the damage degree follows the order of lignite > bituminous coal > anthracite. Both the stress sensitivity coefficient and porosity compressibility decrease linearly under low-stress conditions. When the porosity compressibility is greater than zero, these two parameters are elevated with the increase of freeze-thaw times. Among the three types of coal ranks tested, the stress sensitivity is ranked as lignite > bituminous coal > anthracite. It is revealed that liquid nitrogen freeze-thaw treatment markedly exacerbates the tendency of pore closure and damage failure of coal under stress. Theoretical references are provided for the quantitative analysis of fracture closure behavior of liquid nitrogen fractured coal under in-situ stress and the optimization of gas-drainage parameters.

     

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