Abstract: With the shift of coal development strategy to the western regions and the expansion of deep-earth resources in the central and eastern mines, achieving “efficient in-event response” and “optimized rescue operation technology” in scenarios of compound and overlapping disasters has become a core demand for ensuring the safety of miners and rescue personnel. The powered exoskeleton robot for mine emergency rescue, serving as a core piece of equipment for human-robot collaborative response in both “efficient in-event response” and “optimized rescue operation technology”, holds urgent practical significance for its technological breakthroughs. Centering on the core objective of safeguarding miners and rescue personnel, this paper addresses the special working conditions in coal mines such as high gas concentrations, high temperature, high humidity, high dust, and high impact. Consequently, explosion-proof capability, lightweight design, intelligence, and long endurance emerge as the core requirements for mine emergency rescue exoskeleton robots. Here, a systematic review of the key technological progress of exoskeleton robots for mine emergency rescue is conducted. It focuses on the challenges of explosion-proof construction and lightweight design, analyzes existing design approaches for explosion-proof structures and the varying degrees of difficulty in lightweight design across different mining environments, and provides design recommendations. The key technological analysis highlights cutting-edge directions under the backdrop of “Artificial Intelligence (AI)”, including human-robot interaction tailored for rescue tasks, motion planning adapted to underground terrain, and control optimization for dynamic environments. It further extends the analysis to energy endurance and low-carbon energy-saving technologies, examining aspects such as energy storage density, system power consumption, and energy recovery. Subsequently, the paper delves into technical bottlenecks including the lightweighting of explosion-proof designs, the intelligentization of human-robot collaboration, and the efficient utilization of energy. Finally, it proposes a developmental path centered on the deep integration and ecological synergy of an “exoskeleton-life detection-emergency communication-command system”. This aims to provide theoretical support and directional guidance for advancing mine emergency rescue exoskeleton robot technology from “proof-of-concept” towards practical application and scaling from laboratory research to widespread deployment.