Abstract: Life information detection technology, as the primary means of search and rescue at disaster sites, is essential for rescue operations due to its capability for safe, efficient, and accurate identification of trapped personnel. Mine collapse disaster environments are characterized by confined spaces, complex structures, and the presence of toxic and hazardous gases, which significantly hinder the acquisition of vital sign information and environmental characteristic data. To address the limitations of conventional life detection technologies and the difficulty in vital sign recognition, a novel odor-based detection technique for locating trapped personnel in collapsed mine environments is proposed based on characteristic human body odors. A key technical equipment system for gas detection during drilling is established, and is integrated with other life detection technologies, including radar, infrared, and audio–visual systems, to support coordinated rescue operations, with the objective of achieving precise rescue of trapped personnel at disaster sites. The research progress of the borehole rescue technology system, characterized by “reconnaissance, communication, drilling, and extraction”, is summarized. The composition and emission characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from different sources of the human body are analyzed and classified. The current status of volatile organic compound detection technologies is systematically reviewed. It is found that electronic noses and proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) exhibit distinct advantages in human odor detection and disaster rescue applications due to their portability and high sensitivity. In view of the development trends in borehole-based life detection technology for mine rescue, and in combination with the current status of human odor detection in disaster environments, a characteristic gas fingerprint database for search and rescue is established. A precise detection system for human odor enrichment, decoupling, and identification is developed. A drilling-based gas detection technology integrating drilling equipment with electronic nose or PTR-MS detection modules is investigated. Furthermore, a multi-source life detection information system is constructed, integrating radar, infrared, audio–visual, and odor-based detection technologies for collaborative sensing and data fusion recognition. This system enables precise tracing of trapped personnel and provides new approaches and technological support for mine collapse rescue operations.