Abstract: In the Central Plains mine–agriculture composite region, extensive overlap of coal resources and high-quality farmland has led to mining-induced farmland fissures, subsidence waterlogging, slope changes, and soil degradation, hindering coordinated coal extraction and farmland protection. To support green mining with reduced land damage, this review summarizes the characteristics and control technologies of mining-induced farmland damage. Three typical geological and mining conditions are considered: thick coal seams with “three-soft” strata, thin bedrock overlain by extremely thick unconsolidated layers, and multiple-seam occurrence. Overburden failure, surface movement and deformation, and farmland damage features (tensile fissures, subsidence basins, slope changes, soil degradation) are analyzed. The results indicate that farmland damage is strongly controlled by geological and mining conditions. Soil degradation typically progresses from physical structural damage and reduced biological activity to chemical property changes. Farmland damage control has evolved from sole post-mining restoration to multi-level damage reduction integrating surface restoration, overburden control, and underground subsidence reduction. Concurrent mining and reclamation and overburden separation grouting have been applied for farmland restoration and subsidence mitigation. Damage degrees are currently classified mainly using surface deformation and hydrological indicators to guide graded management. Overburden failure and surface damage differ significantly under different conditions, while the adaptability and effectiveness evaluation of damage-reduction mining technologies remains insufficient, limiting effective control of farmland damage. Further research should target technology matching, refined design of grouting parameters for overburden separation, seepage prevention, green solid-waste-based grouting materials, and dynamic regional farmland damage assessment, to improve the theoretical basis for farmland protection and green damage-reduction mining in mine–agriculture composite regions.