Abstract: The stress and structure evolution mechanism of mine surrounding rock is the key scientific problem of surrounding rock control in deep coal mining. Monitoring the stress evolution and deformation failure of surrounding rock of stope and roadway are important means to grasp the dynamic migration law of the stress field and analyze the zonal fracture and structural evolution of overburden，and is also the basis for realizing the advanced identification of underground disasters and the prediction of dangerous areas. In recent years, optical fiber sensing technology has made great progress in the demodulation principle and sensor research. It can realize large-scale and distributed dynamic monitoring of surrounding rock stress and deformation in different scales and has become an important monitoring method for rock mass deformation and failure. In the paper, the application progress of optical fiber sensing technology was analyzed in monitoring the deformation and failure of surrounding rock in mines. Firstly, the theory and applicable characteristics of optical fiber sensing were summarized. Secondly, the layout method and installation technology of the optical fiber sensing system were summarized, the optical fiber characterization mechanism was discussed in“three horizontal zones and three vertical zones” distribution of overlying strata, evolution of overburden structure, distribution of abutment pressure, and deformation characteristics of roof and floor. Lastly, the latest achievements of optical fiber sensing technology in deformation characterization of mine surrounding rock are introduced. It shows that the application of optical fiber sensing technology is still in the field application research stage in mine surrounding rock monitoring. Under the background of intelligent mine construction, stope and roadway surrounding rock deformation monitoring technology are developing to multi-parameter, intelligent, and real-time dynamic monitoring. There are many research hotspots of optical fiber sensing technology utilized in mine surrounding rock monitoring, such as multi-parameter multi-scale sensor research and development, multi-dimensional optical fiber sensing system and layout technology, and construction of big data optical fiber sensing data intelligent analysis system. The research has a positive significance in promoting the development and application of optical fiber sensing intelligent monitoring technology for mine surrounding rock