Research status and countermeasures of coordinated development of coal mining and cultivated land protection in the plain coal-cropland overlapped areas
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摘要:
耕地是粮食安全的基础，煤炭是能源安全的保障。我国煤炭和耕地资源分布重合的煤粮复合区面积约占耕地总面积的42.7%，煤炭开采与耕地保护之间的矛盾十分突出。如何实现煤矿开采与耕地保护协同发展是我国煤粮复合区亟待解决的瓶颈难题。从平原煤粮复合区采动耕地损毁机理、采动耕地破坏程度评价、开采沉陷控制技术等3个方面分析了煤矿开采和耕地保护协同发展的研究现状与存在问题。在此基础上结合耕地保护面积大、变形耐忍度高等特点，提出了一种面向煤矿开采和耕地保护协同发展的源头控制与修复治理有机结合的绿色开采区域性岩层及地表变形控制技术途径，建立了相应的地表变形预测及控制设计方法，并指出了平原煤粮复合区煤矿开采和耕地保护协同发展的重点研究方向：平原煤粮复合区耕地采损驱动机制、采煤沉陷耕地防护阈值体系、面向耕地保护的煤矿绿色开采区域沉陷协调控制理论与方法，以期推动煤粮主产复合区煤矿绿色开采与耕地保护协同发展。
Abstract:Cultivated land is the foundation of food security, while coal guarantees the security of the energy. The coal-cropland overlapped area accounts for approximate 42.7% of the total cultivated land area in China, making it become a prominent contradiction between the extensive mining and cultivated land protection. How to realize the coordinated development of the coal mining and the cultivated land protection is an urgent problem in coal-cropland overlapped areas. This paper analyzes the research status and existing issues of the coordinated development between mining and cultivated land protection from the following three aspects: the damage mechanism of subsidence land in plain coal-cropland overlapped areas, the damage degree evaluation of subsidence land induced by mining, the control technology for the mining subsidence. Then, considering the characteristics of the cultivated land, such as the extensive protection-needed area and the high deformation tolerance, a new technical approach of controlling regional rock strata and surface deformation in green mining is proposed by combining source control and restoration. The corresponding prediction and control design methods of surface deformation are established. Additionally, the key research directions for the coordination of coal mining and cultivated land protection in the plain coal-cropland overlapped areas are pointed out, including the driving mechanism of cultivated land damage induced by mining in the plain area, protection thresholds for the quality of the cultivated land in subsidence areas, theories and methods of the subsidence coordinated control of the green mining facing the cultivated land protection. The main objective of this paper is to promote the coordinated development of the green mining and the cultivated land protection in the plain coal-cropland overlapped areas.
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图 1 高潜水位矿区地下开采导致耕地损毁
Figure 1. Farmland damage caused by underground mining in mine with high groundwater level
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图 2 条带开采覆岩移动与变形特征
Figure 2. Overlaying rock movement and deformation characteristics of strip mining
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图 3 充填开采覆岩移动与变形特征
Figure 3. Overlaying rock movement and deformation characteristics of backfilling mining
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图 6 面向不同目标的充填开采地表变形控制设计流程
Figure 6. Surface deformation control design process of backfilling mining for different goals
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图 7 面向耕地保护的煤矿开采区域沉陷协同控制方法示意
Figure 7. Schematic diagram of collaborative control method of regional subsidence in mining area for farmland protection
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图 8 地表移动变形叠加计算示意
Figure 8. Schematic diagram of superposition calculation of surface movement and deformation
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图 9 地表沉陷预计参数计算示意
Figure 9. Schematic diagram of calculation of surface subsidence prediction parameters
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图 10 采动影响下包气带与耕作层水/盐/变形协同作用
Figure 10. Synergistic effect of water / salt / deformation of unsaturated zone and tillage layer under mining influence
表 1 开采沉陷土地损坏等级评价标准[29]
Table 1 Evaluation criteria of cropland damage grade of mining subsidence[29]
破坏
等级损坏
分类损坏程度（土壤生产力降低率）/% 破坏现象 评价参数 地表下沉/
mm水平变形/
(mm·m−1)倾斜变形/
(mm·m−1)水利设施
状态Ⅰ 轻度破坏 25 地面有轻微变形，但不影响农田耕种、林地、植被生长，
水土流失基本上没有增加≤500 ≤2.0 ≤3.0 基本完好 Ⅱ 中度破坏 50 地面有轻微变形，轻微影响农田耕种、林地、植被、生长，水土流失略有增加 ≤2 000 ≤6.0 ≤20.0 部分损坏 Ⅲ 严重破坏 75 地面塌陷破坏较严重，出现方向明显的拉裂缝，影响农田耕种，导致减产，影响林地与植被生长，水土流失有所加剧 >2 000 ≤10.0 ≤40.0 完全损坏 Ⅳ 完全破坏 100 地面严重塌陷破坏，出现塌方和小滑坡，农田、林地与植被破坏严重，水土流失严重，生态环境恶化 — >10.0 >40.0 — 
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破坏
等级损毁
程度/%裂缝宽度/
cm台阶高度/
cm坡度/
%潜水位埋
深/m水利设施状态 Ⅰ 25 <20 <10 <2 1.0~1.5 基本完好 Ⅱ 50 20~50 10~30 2~5 0.5~1.0 部分损毁 Ⅲ 75 50~100 30~80 5~10 0~0.5 完全损毁 Ⅳ 100 >100 >80 >10 <0 — 注：损毁程度用土壤生产力降低率表征。
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表 3 耕地破坏程度评价因子分级
Table 3 Classification of evaluation factors of farmland damage degree
评价因子 破坏程度鉴定评价因子值 一般破坏 严重破坏 塌陷深度/m <2 ≥2 塌陷后田面坡度/（°） <15 ≥15 塌陷后浅层地下水埋深/m >0.8 ≤0.8 积水情况 能自流排水 无法自流排水 生产力降低情况/% <40 ≥40
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