Gateroad protection mechanism and surrounding rock control for gob-side entry with slender pillar in deep and inclined extra-thick coal seams
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摘要:
我国中东部地区采深大、巷道变形和冲击风险大，窄煤柱沿空掘巷技术可改善巷道围岩环境。为掌握窄煤柱护巷机理并形成针对性围岩控制技术体系，以800 m埋深倾斜特厚煤层3 m窄煤柱沿空掘巷为背景，开展了理论分析、现场实测及数值模拟研究，结果表明：①该巷围岩破碎程度及变形煤柱侧比实体煤侧严重，煤柱破碎程度及变形采空区侧比巷道侧大，尽管埋深大，但已稳定采空区承担较大覆岩载荷，高应力已充分向深部岩体分流；②巷道变形非对称，实体煤侧顶板下沉量比煤柱侧大，巷帮以浅部变形为主，煤柱帮上部和实体煤帮中部变形较大；③采空区是掘巷卸荷后主要的形变通道，利于形变能向采空区缓释、降低冲击风险；④卸压区形状由掘巷前三角形扩展为掘巷后平行四边形，掘巷后应力集中区转移至实体煤帮右上方实体煤岩体中；⑤窄煤柱一次和二次剪切破坏的交界面及掘巷右上方实体高应力区为围岩关键控制区，据此提出基于煤柱多重塑性破坏区发育规律的煤柱加固和高应力区精准卸压联合的围岩控制技术体系。研究可为邻近工作面以及其他类似深埋倾斜特厚煤层开采提供理论支撑和科学依据。
Abstract:The depth of coal mining in the central and eastern China is increasing, the ground pressure is high, the roadway deformation and burst risk is great. Gob-side entry with slender gate pillar (GESGP) is constantly adopted to improve surrounding rock environment. In order to grasp ground pressure behavior of the gob-side entry and develop targeted surrounding rock control measures, field observation and numerical simulation have been carried out against a case of GESGP of 3 m pillar in a ultra thick coal seam of a 800 m cover depth. The results show that: ① Fragmentation and deformation of surrounding rock on the coal pillar side are larger than the other side. Fragmentation and deformation of pillar at the gob side is larger than the other; Although the buried depth is great, the gob is settled and a large amount of overburden load is sustained by it, so the stress is sufficiently transferred to the deep rocks; ② The deformation of the gob-side entry is asymmetrical, the roof sags more on the pillar side than the other, pillar rib top and solid coal side rid middle are greater with deformation occurring mostly at shallow part; ③ Gob is the “escape” passage for entry deformation which is good for slow release of deformation energy and reduction of burst; ④ The range of the pressure relief area is expanded from triangle before excavation to parallelogram after excavation, also the location of the stress concentration area is shifted to the upper right of the entry; ⑤ Interface of the first/second shear failure planes on the pillar and the high stress zone on the upper right of the entry are the key targeted control zones. The surrounding rock control system was put forward that coal pillar reinforcement based on multiple plastic zone development cycles and precise destress of high stress zone. The research can provide research foundation and scientific basis for the adjacent panels and other similar deep and inclined extra-thick coal seams.
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Keywords:
- deep mining /
- inclined coal seam /
- extra-thick coal seam /
- gob-side entry /
- slender pillar /
- ground behavior
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图 5 1号钻孔2.8～3.0 m附近围岩完整性
Figure 5. Integrity of rock at 2.8−3.0 m depth of No.1 borehole
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图 11 过去20～30 m煤柱邻空巷道围岩严重变形情况
Figure 11. Severe deformation of gob-side entry with 20−30 m pillar
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图 14 数值模型、理论与模拟匹配、采空区参数确定后体积应变和应力等高线图
Figure 14. Numerical model, theoretical and numerical match, volumetric strain and stress contour after parameters for gob are determined
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图 17 掘巷前后固定支承压力曲线
Figure 17. Side abutment distribution before and after entry development
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图 23 6条测线的水平及竖直位移数据
Figure 23. Horizontal and vertical deformation data of six measuring lines
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图 18 缩小应力阈值掘巷后采空区应力及其主应力分布
Figure 18. Gob stress and and principal stress distribution by reducing the stress range
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图 20 小煤柱变形矢量图及塑性区发育
Figure 20. Vector of small pillar deformation and plastic zone development
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图 21 掘巷前后塑性区发育
Figure 21. Plastic zone development before and after excavation of gob-side entry
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图 22 掘巷前后主应力分布
Figure 22. Principal stress distribution before and after excavation of gob-side entry
表 1 煤层顶底板情况
Table 1 Basic information of roof and floor
顶底板 岩石类别 厚度/m 岩性
顶板覆岩3 砂质泥岩 9.4 灰及深灰色，性脆，局部富含植物化石，含砂质较高 覆岩2 细中粒砂岩 4.3 灰及深灰色，局部微发褐，以石英、长石为主，含暗色矿物，层面大白云母片，
含碳质，水平层理，钙质胶结覆岩1 砂质泥岩 5.0 深灰色，破碎，含植物化石碎片，有挤压 基本顶 中粒粗砂岩 9.8 灰色及灰微发褐色，以石英、长石为主，含大量暗色矿物，白云母片，分选性一般，
具水平层理，裂隙由钙质薄膜充填，钙质胶结直接顶 砂质泥岩 13.2 深黑色，性脆，较硬，致密，含荷达，轮叶等植物化石碎片 底板 直接底 砂质泥岩 4.0 深黑色，性脆，较硬，致密，含植物化石碎片 基本底 细粒砂岩 4.5 深灰色，以石英、长石为主，含暗色矿物，白云母碎片，水平层理，钙质胶结 
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表 2 窥视孔参数
Table 2 Borehole camera parameters
测点 位置 直径/
mm深度/
m倾角/
(°)1 煤柱帮距底板1 m 42 3.26 0 2 工作帮距底板1 m 42 6.82 180 3 煤柱帮距底板1.3 m 42 3.18 0 4 顶板距煤柱帮1.8 m 42 2.91 90 5 顶板距煤柱帮3.3 m 42 3.78 90
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表 3 双屈服模型冒盖压力
Table 3 Cap pressure for double-yield model
应变ε 应力σ/MPa 应变ε 应力σ/MPa 0.01 0.56 0.13 14.48 0.02 1.16 0.14 17.02 0.03 1.82 0.15 20.07 0.04 2.54 0.16 23.80 0.05 3.33 0.17 28.47 0.06 4.21 0.18 34.50 0.07 5.19 0.19 42.55 0.08 6.28 0.20 53.86 0.09 7.51 0.21 70.92 0.10 8.90 0.22 99.60 0.11 10.49 0.23 157.90 0.12 12.33 0.24 340.76
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表 4 H-B准则岩体力学参数
Table 4 Rock mass parameters of Hoek-Brown criterion
岩性 σci/MPa GSI mi mb s a 细中粒砂岩 70 75 16 6.552 0.0622 0.5009 砂质泥岩 40 72 8 2.943 0.0446 0.5012 煤 18 75 4 1.638 0.0622 0.5009 细粒砂岩 72 75 17 6.961 0.0622 0.5009 顶和底 75 77 18 7.371 0.0622 0.5009 注：σci为完整岩石的单轴抗压强度(UCS)；GSI为地质强度指标；mi为完整岩石参数；mb为岩体的H-B常数；s为与岩体特性有关的材料常数，反映岩体破碎程度，其取值范围0～1；a为表征节理岩体的常数。
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表 5 采空区材料参数
Table 5 Parameters for gob material
密度/(kg·m−3) 体积模量/Pa 剪切模量/Pa 剪胀角/(°) 摩擦角/(°) 1 700 40×109 30×109 8.5 3
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表 6 注浆孔参数
Table 6 Parameters of grouting holes
孔号 距底板/
m间距/
m长度/
m与水平面
夹角/(°)注浆压力/
MPa孔径/
mm1 0.9 2 2 0 1 42 2 2.3 2 4 60 2 42
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