Abstract: In order to study the role of the surrounding rock dilatancy along the gateway in the occurrence process of the mine pressure bump, a coal and rock mechanics test was applied to have the dilatancy data of the coal samples during the loading process. The experiment data was analyzed and the relevant coal and rock dilatancy model was established. From a view of the failure, a dilatancy formula of the coal sample was provided. With the comparison, the results and experiment fitting curve were relatively fitted. Further, with the analysis conducted on the dilatancy model, the energy released from the dilatancy process of the surrounding rock was obtained. The study results showed that the direct cause to occur the rock burst would be the energy released from the dilatancy process of the surrounding rock over the energy born by the support system. The dynamic dilatancy of the surrounding rock was caused by the stress superposition formed from the coal and rock distribution on the surrounding rock. Finally based on the basis, a pertinence optimization was conducted on the support system of the surrounding rock.