Abstract: Intelligent ventilation management of coal mine is a key link to ensure safety in the process of coal mining. Due to the complexity and changeableness of coal mine types and mining technical conditions, there are many hidden safety hazards in the process of mine ventilation, and the reliability of ventilation system cannot be guaranteed, which seriously affects the stability of mine ventilation system. In order to solve the problem that the emergency decision level and intelligent control level of coal mine ventilation system are not high under the condition of abnormal ventilation, this paper studies a coal mine intelligent ventilation management system based on rough set algorithm and improved capsule network. In this system, the information reduction model based on rough set is adopted, and the rough set algorithm is used to reduce the influence index, so as to screen out irrelevant influencing factors, reduce the redundancy of sample data, and improve the reliability of data samples and the generalization ability of the model. Network based on improved capsule of coal mine ventilation environment perception model, through convolution reconstruction capsules group of neurons, the characteristic of data acquisition, perception capsule and ventilation equipment state environmental perception capsule model, such as the capsule network constructed in the coal mine area, to realize the mine ventilation environment comprehensive perception, intelligent monitoring and intelligent decision-making. The experimental simulation results show that based on rough set and improve capsule network intelligent ventilation management system of coal mine ventilation safety in coal mine decision accuracy is 89.5%, the recall rate was 83.7%, the F value of 86.5%, compared with other system accuracy of 4.4%, the recall rate of 8%, the F value increased by 6.4%, greatly improving the mine ventilation safety decision-making accuracy, for the existing security hidden dangers timely warning effect is remarkable, has the characteristics of information perception ability, decision-making accurate, provide important guarantee for the coal mine ventilation safety.