摘要:
煤矿冲击地压灾害频发依然严重制约煤炭深部安全高效开采，冲击地压灾害研究需将发生机理、监测预警及综合防治相互关联，建立深部开采冲击地压综合防治体系。以冲击地压防治为目的，提出了冲击地压灾害防治的结构调控理念、科学内涵以及冲击地压结构调控技术路线，分析认为煤岩体结构是导致围岩应力场演化的根源，系统结构变化是引起应力变化及转移的根本原因，应力仅是系统结构变化的外在显现形式，冲击地压灾害防治应从调控煤岩体结构出发。通过对冲击地压灾害机理及防治有关问题的梳理，提出了深部冲击地压灾害结构调控核心科学问题，包括扰动作用下冲击性煤岩体应力场时空演变、深部冲击地压多元前兆信息耦合辨识及预警、深部高应力煤岩体的结构调控及减冲机制。在此基础上，提出了应力-电磁辐射-地音-微震监测构成的多元监测预警体系，以实现对采区范围内巷道、采场及覆岩结构破裂的多尺度监测。根据由区域子系统和局部子系统组成的深部开采冲击地压灾害结构调控技术路线，提出由保护层+负煤柱开采、水力压裂、深孔爆破及大直径钻孔组成的结构调控体系来实现降低冲击地压灾害发生的危险性。结构调控体系已在山东某矿埋深1 300 m的4号煤层成功应用，验证了该体系防治冲击地压灾害的可行性及科学性。
Abstract:
The frequent occurrence of rock burst disasters in coal mines still seriously restricts the safe and efficient deep mining of coal. The study of rock burst disasters needs to correlate the occurrence mechanism, monitoring and warning and comprehensive prevention and control, and establish a comprehensive prevention and control system of rock burst in deep mining. For the purpose of rock burst prevention and control, the structural control concept, scientific connotation and technical route of rock burst structure control for rock burst disaster prevention and control are proposed. The analysis shows that the structure of coal and rock mass is the root cause of the evolution of surrounding rock stress field, and the change of system structure is the root cause of stress change and transfer. Stress is only the external manifestation of system structure change, and rock burst disaster prevention and control should start from the regulation of coal and rock mass structure. Based on the analysis of the mechanism and prevention of rock burst disasters, the core scientific problems of structural control of deep rock burst disasters are put forward, including the spatial and temporal evolution of stress field of coal and rock mass under disturbance, the coupling identification and early warning of multiple precursory information of deep rock burst, and the structural control and shock reduction mechanism of deep high stress coal and rock mass. On this basis, a multivariate monitoring and warning system composed of stress-electromagnetic radiation-geophone-microseismic monitoring is proposed to realize the multi-scale monitoring of roadway, stope and coating rock structural fracture within the mining area. According to the technical route of structural control of rock burst disaster in deep mining composed of regional subsystems and local subsystems, a structural control system composed of protective layer + negative coal pillar mining, hydraulic fracturing, deep hole blasting and large diameter drilling was proposed to reduce the risk of rock burst disaster. The structural control system has been successfully applied in the No.4 coal seam with a depth of 1 300 m in a mine in Shandong province, which verifies the feasibility and scientificity of the system in preventing rock burst disaster.
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