Active and passive full-space collaborative control technology and engineering application in deep roadways
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摘要:
深部巷道由于赋存环境复杂及受到深部地应力作用，加上断面形状尺寸多样，使得巷道的破坏形式多元化。通过系统分析深井软岩巷道受到高应力、动压等因素影响，对比了最大地应力、最大抗压强度以及相对应的支护方式，提出采用应力强度比来评价巷道围岩支护的难易程度。进一步提出了深部巷道主被动全空间协同控制理念，其核心为通过卸压、注浆和锚杆−索等主动支护方式来控制巷道变形，发挥围岩的自承能力，形成主动支护体，恢复其部分承载能力；使用钢管混凝土支架、U型钢等具有较高支护阻力的被动支护方式，构成被动支撑圈，协助或调动巷道围岩发挥承载能力。进而分析了钢管混凝土支架与锚杆−索的协同支护力学机理，形成了主被动全空间协同控制技术及施工工艺并进行了现场应用。研究表明，打设锚杆−索可以降低钢管混凝土支架的弯矩和剪力，同时降低了支架轴力，保护了钢管和抗拉性能较差的核心混凝土，保证了钢管混凝土支架能够提供较高的支护阻力；主被动全空间协同控制技术在晋城胡底煤矿、阳泉新元煤矿等深部动压巷道与软岩巷道中进行了成功应用，进一步发展了深部巷道等强支护理论与技术。
Abstract:Due to the complex environment and ground stress at depth, and the various cross-sectional shapes and sizes, the damage types of deep roadways are diversified. The maximum ground stress, maximum compressive strength, and the corresponding support methods are compared by systematically analyzing the influence of high stress and dynamic pressure on the deep weak surrounding rock of roadways. And the stress intensity ratio is proposed to evaluate the support difficulty of surrounding rock of roadways. Then, the concept of active-passive full space collaborative control is proposed, and the core of the concept is to control the deformation of the roadway through active support methods such as destressing, grouting and bolt-cable to bring the self-supporting capacity of the surrounding rock of roadway into play, forming an active support body, and restoring its partial bearing capacity. Using passive support methods such as concrete-filled steel tube sets and U-shaped steel sets with high support resistance to form a passive support ring to assist or mobilize the bearing capacity of the rock surrounding roadways. Additionally, the mechanical mechanism of the collaborative support for concrete-filled steel tube sets and bolt-cable were analyzed, and the active-passive full space collaborative control technology and construction technique were developed and applied in the field. The study shows that the bolt-cable can reduce the bending moment and shear force of the concrete-filled steel tube sets, while reducing the axial force of the support and protecting the steel tube and the core concrete with poor tensile properties. The active-passive full space cooperative control technology has been successfully applied in deep roadway subjected to dynamic pressure and weak rock roadway in Jincheng Hudi Coal Mine and Yangquan Xinyuan Coal Mine, which has further developed the theory and technology of equal-strength support in deep roadway.
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图 1 巷道围岩不同埋深下的支护方式变化情况
Figure 1. Change of support methods of rock surrounding roadway under different burial depths
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图 2 主被动全空间协同支护理念示意
Figure 2. Schematic of active-passive full-space cooperative support concept
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图 3 主被动全空间协同支护力学原理
σ1、σ2—巷道围岩最大、最小主应力；c—巷道围岩黏聚力
Figure 3. Mechanical principle of active-passive full-space cooperative support
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图 4 钢管混凝土支架与锚杆−索协同支护力学计算模型
Figure 4. Mechanical calculation model of concrete filled steel tube support and bolt-cable cooperative support
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图 5 侧压力系数为0.5时钢管混凝土支架内力分析
Figure 5. Internal force analysis of concrete-filled steel tube support when lateral pressure coefficient is 0.5
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图 6 侧压力系数为1.5时钢管混凝土支架内力分析
Figure 6. Internal force analysis of concrete-filled steel tube support when lateral pressure coefficient is 1.5
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图 7 深部巷道主被动全空间协同控制技术流程
Figure 7. Flow of active-passive full-space collaborative control technology for deep roadway
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图 8 钢管混凝土支架+锚索主被动协同控制技术施工工艺流程
Figure 8. Construction process flow of active-passive cooperative control technology for concrete-filled steel tube support and cable
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图 9 胡底煤矿主被动全空间协同控制方案
Figure 9. Active-passive full-space cooperative control scheme of Hudi Coal Mine
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图 10 胡底煤矿主被动全空间协同变形监测及控制效果
Figure 10. Active-passive full-space collaborative deformation monitoring and control effect of Hudi Coal Mine
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图 11 新元煤矿主被动全空间协同控制方案
Figure 11. Active-passive full-space cooperative control scheme of Xinyuan Coal Mine
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图 12 新元煤矿主被动全空间协同变形监测及控制效果
Figure 12. Active-passive full-space collaborative deformation monitoring and control effect of Xinyuan Coal Mine
表 1 煤矿巷道支护方式统计
Table 1 Statistics of support methods in coal mine roadway
巷道特点 埋深/m 最大地应力/MPa 围岩峰值强度/MPa k 支护方式 分类 富水软岩巷道[17] 1 000 39.08 34.27 1.14 锚杆索+底板松动爆破+注浆加固的底鼓联合控制方案 主动+被动 大埋深复合软岩巷道[18] 600 25.78 23.60 1.09 锚杆索+喷浆+钢带 主动+弱被动 近距采空区回采巷道[19] 230 9.00 4.59 1.96 锚杆+锚索+W钢带+单体支柱 主动+弱被动 软岩巷道[15] 600 14.58 5.09 2.86 锚网索喷+钢管混凝土组合支架 主动+强被动 深地动压巷道[20] 1 100 26.56 49.60 0.54 锚网索喷+钢管混凝土组合支架 主动+强被动 高应力软岩巷道[21] 1 000 25.12 10.08 2.49 高预应力（锚杆索）强力支护+注浆改性 强主动 弱胶结软岩巷道[22] 540 16.20 7.80 2.08 锚网索梁支护结构+全断面喷浆耦合支护 主动+弱被动 普通运输大巷[23] 800 20.00 74.50 0.27 锚网索喷 主动+弱被动 弱冲击地压巷道[24] 670 25.13 23.13 1.09 锚网索+U型棚+爆破卸压 主动+被动 强冲击巷道[25] 580 35.95 22.00 1.63 水力压裂+锚杆索 主动 大断面过陷落柱巷道[26] 712 13.40 5.00 2.68 超前注浆+锚网索支护 主动 硬岩高抽巷[27] 500 21.60 25.67 0.84 锚杆索 主动 构造应力场开拓大巷[28] 720 31.00 24.00 1.29 锚网索喷 主动+弱被动 深部坚硬顶板回采巷道[29] 700 19.53 81.10 0.24 恒阻大变形锚杆索 强主动 深部软弱破碎巷道[30] 1 000 30.00 23.50 1.28 锚杆喷+注浆 主动+弱被动 深井冲击地压巷道[31] 684 23.94 17.60 1.36 钻孔卸压+锚杆索 主动 软弱围岩巷道[32] 500 13.50 45.00 0.30 喷射混凝土+注浆+锚杆索 主动+弱被动 深井交岔点巷道[33] 1 250 47.00 43.37 1.08 钢管混凝土组合支架+锚杆索+壁后卸压 强被动+主动 深井采动应力巷道[34] 1 130 37.30 31.56 1.18 36U型钢+锚杆索+网梁 被动+主动 软弱破碎巷道[35] 580 28.11 32.64 0.86 U型钢+锚杆+长锚索 被动+主动 深井破碎巷道[36] 1 000 30.00 43.48 0.69 锚网索喷+U型钢支架+注浆+底板锚注 主动+被动 软岩马头门[37] 680 32.74 16.39 2.00 锚网喷+锚索+全断面钢筋混凝土+钢纤维混凝土砌碹支护 主动+被动 软岩巷道[38] 350 8.20 8.81 0.93 恒阻大变形锚杆索+全断面混凝土喷层+底角注浆锚管 强主动+被动 软岩淋水巷道[39] 700 17.13 18.20 0.94 锚杆索+喷射混凝土+金属网+25U型钢+注浆 主动+弱被动 深井巷道[40] 1 271 31.78 31.74 1.00 全断面高预应力、高强度锚杆索+注浆 强主动 强膨胀性软岩巷道[41] 463 27.70 16.00 1.73 锚杆索+反底拱+铺设干石灰粉 主动+被动 深井高应力软岩巷道[42] 1 040 40.00 7.00 5.71 锚杆索梁网+36U型钢可缩性长环形支架+注浆 主动+被动 深部高应力巷道[43] 1 200 42.90 70.50 0.61 锚杆网喷+钢管混凝土支架 主动+强被动 千米深井厚顶煤巷道[44] 990 34.60 8.60 4.02 锚杆+钢带+让压型锚索箱梁支护系统 主动+被动 高应力软岩巷道[45] 836 26.33 14.00 1.88 锚杆索网梁喷+U29金属支架 主动+被动 大断面破碎硐室[46] 540 30.00 60.00 0.50 锚杆索+底拱U36可缩性支架+注浆 主动+被动 深部油页岩巷道[47] 850 35.00 50.30 0.70 锚杆索梁+喷浆 主动+弱被动 软弱回采巷道[48] 380 9.50 12.77 0.74 锚杆索网梁+可缩性工字钢 主动+被动 深部巷道[49] 800 27.81 15.00 1.85 高预应力锚杆索网+超前注浆+架棚 强主动+被动 大厚度泥岩顶板煤巷[50] 500 25.50 20.00 1.28 高强度螺纹钢锚杆+锚索+网+喷层 主动+被动 铁矿高应力巷道[51] 537 25.10 81.10 0.31 锚杆+网+钢筋梯子梁 主动+弱被动 深部岩巷[52] 700 21.60 37.82 0.57 锚杆索+适当注浆 主动 深部开采巷道[53] 952 85.40 50.29 1.70 锚杆索网梁+29U型钢 主动+被动 软岩巷道[54] 330 8.64 6.62 1.31 锚杆索网喷+注浆 主动+被动 软弱破碎巷道[55] 550 16.13 22.88 0.70 锚杆索+砌碹+喷层 主动+弱被动 
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