Ecological protection coal mining technology system and engineering practice
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摘要:
针对生态脆弱区煤炭规模化高效开采造成生态影响范围大、周期长和强度高，缺乏统筹开采全周期源头减损与生态全要素系统技术，导致矿区生态修复成本高、效率低和效果差的问题，提出了生态保护型煤炭开采理念，露天开采损伤传导途径和井工开采损伤传导模型、生态损伤定量分析方法和矿区生态修复决策方法，研发了露天矿节地减损开采、生态型地层重构、分布式水资源集−储−用、基于“生态修复窗口期”协同修复技术；研发了井工开采损伤传导控制、含水层生态功能恢复、装配式楔形地下水库坝体构筑、沉陷区分时分区生态修复技术。建成蒙东矿区生态保护型露天开采示范工程，宝日希勒露天矿示范区植被盖度由开发前30%提高到59%，胜利露天矿示范区植被盖度由开发前5%提高到39%；建成神东井工生态保护型煤炭开采示范工程，植被盖度由开发前不足10%提高到70%。研究成果为生态保护型煤炭开采提供了科技支撑，具有广泛的应用和推广价值。
Abstract:In view of the large-scale and efficient coal mining in ecologically fragile areas, which causes a large scope, long cycle and high intensity of ecological impacts, and the lack of a systematic technology that integrates the whole cycle of mining, source reduction and ecological elements, which leads to high costs, low efficiency and poor results in the ecological restoration of mining areas. This paper puts forward the concept of ecological protection coal mining, the damage conduction pathway of surface mining and the damage conduction model of shaft mining, the quantitative analysis method of ecological damage and the decision-making method of ecological restoration in mining areas. It has developed land-saving and loss-reducing mining for open pit mines, ecological stratigraphic reconstruction, distributed water resources collection, storage and use, and synergistic restoration technologies based on the "ecological restoration window period". It has researched and developed technologies for damage conduction control in well mining, ecological function restoration of aquifers, construction of assembled wedge-shaped groundwater reservoir dams, and ecological restoration of subsidence zones in time zones. An ecologically protected open pit mining demonstration project has been completed in the mengdong mining area, with the vegetation cover in the baorixile open pit mine demonstration area increasing from 30% to 59% of the pre-exploitation area, and that in the shengli open pit mine demonstration area from 5% to 39% of the pre-exploitation area. A demonstration project for ecologically protected coal mining in the shengdong wells has been completed, with vegetation cover increasing from less than 10% to 70 % of the pre-exploitation area. The research results provide scientific and technological support for eco-protective coal mining and have wide application and promotion value.
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图 1 2018—2022年我国煤炭产量及消费占比
Figure 1. Share of China’s coal production and consumption from 2018 to 2022
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图 2 煤炭规模化开采与脆弱生态保护问题突出
Figure 2. Coal scale mining and fragile ecological protection highlight the problem
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图 3 基于“采矿−生态”系统的生态保护型开采
Figure 3. Ecological conservation mining based on the “mining-ecology” system.
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图 5 基于能量守恒的开采损伤传导模型
Figure 5. Mining damage conduction model based on spatial and energy conservation
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图 6 覆岩损伤度计算模型示意
Figure 6. Schematic diagram of the calculation model of overburden damage degree
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图 10 露天矿冻结期靠帮开采技术
Figure 10. Mining techniques for leaning against a gang during freezing period in open pit mines
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图 11 排土场近自然层序重构
Figure 11. Reconstruction of near-natural stratigraphic sequences in drainage field
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图 20 矿井水智能直排生态灌溉系统
Figure 20. Intelligent direct drainage eco-irrigation system for mine water
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