Theoretical framework and technical pathway for the integrated ecological restoration throughout the overall life cycle of mining based on NbS
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摘要:
矿山生态修复是国土空间生态保护和修复的重点和难点。当前，矿区生态修复注重自然恢复，向系统性、整体性和可持续性方面转变。采用文献梳理、对比分析和归纳总结的方法，结合基于自然的解决方案（Nature-based Solutions, NbS）准则，建立了全生命周期的矿山生态修复全过程实施技术框架，包括保护与预防控制、复垦修复、管理维护、监测评估和适应性管理，提出了基于自然的修复技术促进矿山生态修复的技术路径。首先，将NbS理念融入矿山生态保护及预防控制阶段，应采取避让措施、重要物种保护、物种采集利用等手段来减轻矿山开采对生态环境的破坏，提升矿山生态系统的自恢复能力，降低成本效益；其次，将NbS引入地貌重塑、土壤重构、植被重建和景观营建等具体修复措施中，通过模拟自然过程激发矿山生态系统自恢复，提供科学、高效和可持续的修复方案；再次，将NbS准则融入矿山生态修复管理维护阶段，围绕基础设施、土壤与植被及生态系统功能维持进行管理维护，符合当前生态系统修复的主流方式；最后，基于NbS进行矿山开采前、开采中、开采后全周期监测评估，并对比不同恢复情景开展适应性管理。基于NbS理念的理论框架和技术路径为新时期矿山生态修复提供重要理论指导，有助于实现矿山生态系统全生命周期的整体保护、系统修复和综合治理。
Abstract:Ecological restoration in mining area is a focal point and challenge in the terrestrial ecological conservation and restoration in China. Currently, ecological restoration in mining areas emphasis on natural recovery, transitioning towards a more systematic, integrated, and sustainable solution. This study synthesizes existing literature, conducts comparative analyses, and summarizes key findings to propose a holistic approach. The proposed technical framework spans the overall lifecycle of ecological restoration, covering key stages such as protection and prevention, reclamation and restoration, management and maintenance, monitoring and evaluation, and adaptive management. Initially, the integration of NbS concepts in the stages of ecological protection and prevention involves strategies such as avoidance measures, protection of crucial species, and the utilization of species collection to mitigate the ecological damage caused by mining. This integrated approach serves to enhance the self-recovery capacity of ecosystem and reduce costs. Subsequently, incorporating NbS principles into specific restoration measures, such as landform reshaping, soil reconstruction, vegetation restoration, and landscape rebuilding, stimulate the self-recovery of mine ecological systems of mimicking natural processes. This method provides scientifically sound, efficient, and sustainable restoration solutions. Moreover, incorporating NbS principles into the management and maintenance of mine ecological restoration focuses on the preservation of infrastructure, soil, vegetation, and the maintenance of ecosystem functionality. These practices align with contemporary mainstream approaches to ecosystem restoration. Lastly, conducting the overall life cycle monitoring and evaluation including the before, during and after mining processes, and the adaptive management can be applied through comparative analysis. Overall, the framework and technical pathways designed in this study provide valuable insights for advancing ecological restoration practices in the new era, ultimately contributing to the holistic protection and sustainable management of restored ecosystems in mining areas throughout its overall life cycle.
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图 1 基于自然的全生命周期矿山生态修复理论框架
Figure 1. Nature-based technical framework for the overall life cycle ecological restoration in mining area
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图 2 基于NbS理念的矿山生态修复保护和预防控制措施
Figure 2. NbS-based ecological restoration protection and prevention measures in mining area
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图 3 基于NbS的矿山复垦修复技术
Figure 3. NbS-based reclamation and restoration technology in mining area
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图 4 基于NbS的矿山生态修复管理维护实现路径
Figure 4. NbS-based ecological restoration management and maintenance pathway in mining area
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