System and engineering practice of coal mining technology under buildings, water bodies and railways in China
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摘要:
我国“三下”（建筑物、水体、铁路等线性构筑物下）煤炭资源丰富，开展“三下”采煤技术研究、解放“三下”压煤对提高煤炭资源采出率、优化井下采掘布局、延长矿井服务年限等具有重要意义。总结了我国“三下”压煤开采技术以及建（构）筑物保护技术，包括部分开采、充填开采、协调开采、覆岩离层注浆技术以及地面保护、维修加固技术，并分析了各种“三下”采煤技术的优缺点和适用条件等。提出“三下”压煤开采造成建（构）筑物损害的源头是煤炭地下开采引起的覆岩破坏与地表移动，控制地表沉陷、研究地表移动变形规律是建（构）筑物下采煤的关键，减少覆岩破坏、准确预测覆岩破坏高度是水体（覆岩含水层）下安全采煤技术的关键。从经验公式、理论计算、现场实测等方面综合分析了“三下”采煤覆岩破坏与地表移动规律、地表移动变形预测、地面建筑物保护技术等。研究认为高效率、低成本、全固废、智能化覆岩离层注浆和充填开采、地下水原位保护等源头减沉控损技术将是我国未来“三下”开采技术的发展方向，并建立覆岩与地表移动变形的“天−空−地−井”一体化监测、预警机制，加强“三下”采煤工艺、全固废材料、技术与装备水平的提升，科学构建并不断完善绿色低碳、智能、安全高效的“三下”采煤技术体系。
Abstract:There is a large amount of coal resources that are difficult to mine due to buildings, water bodies and railways in China. Conducting research on coal mining technology and liberating pressed coal under building, water body and railways are significant for improving the recovery rate of coal resources, optimizing the layout of mining and extending the service years of mines. The paper summarized the coal mining technology under buildings, water bodies and railways and buildings and structures protection technologies in China, including partial mining, filling mining, coordinated mining, overburden bed separation grouting technology and ground protection, repair and reinforcement techniques, the advantages, disadvantages and applicable conditions of each technique are also analyzed. It is proposed that the source of damage to buildings and structures caused by coal mining under buildings, water bodies and railways is the overburden destruction and surface movement. Controlling surface subsidence and studying the law of surface movement and deformation are the key to coal mining under buildings and structures. Reducing overburden failure and accurately predicting overburden failure height are the key to safe coal mining technology under water bodies (overburden aquifers). Comprehensively analyzed the law of over-burden destruction and surface movement, the prediction of surface movement and deformation, and the protection technology of ground buildings under buildings, water bodies and railways from the experience formula, theoretical calculations, and on-site measurements. Research considers that high efficiency, low cost, all solid waste, intelligent overburden grout injection and filling mining, groundwater in-situ protection and other sources of subsidence reduction technology will be the development direction of coal mining technology under building, water body and railways in the future, and establish the “space-air-ground-well” integrated monitoring and early warning mechanism of overburden and surface movement and deformation, strengthen the improvement of coal mining technology under buildings, water bodies and railways, all solid waste materials, technology and equipment level, scientifically construct and continuously improve the green low-carbon, intelligent, safe and efficient mining technology system under buildings, water bodies and railways.
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图 4 （超）高水材料充填开采工艺流程
Figure 4. Technical process of super-high water filling mining process flow
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图 6 Wongawilli采煤法和条带式Wongawilli采煤法
Figure 6. Wongawilli and Strip Wongawilli coal mining
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图 12 协调全采方法工作面布置与开采顺序
Figure 12. Faces layout and extraction order diagram of CSFM method
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图 16 覆岩离层注浆开采地表下沉等值线
Figure 16. Contour map of surface subsidence for overburden grout injection
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图 17 2种开采方案地表预计下沉值结果对比
Figure 17. Comparison of predicted surface subsidence values between two mining methods
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图 18 高耸构筑物精准加固技术流程
Figure 18. Flow chart of precise reinforcement technology for high rise structures
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图 24 水平煤层采后“三带”分布示意
Figure 24. Distribution diagram of “vertical three zones” in horizontal coal seam after mining
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图 27 等效阻水厚度内涵示意
Figure 27. Connotation of equivalent water resisting overburden thickness
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图 28 采动影响下含水层的破坏机理
Figure 28. Failure mechanism of aquifer under the influence of mining
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图 32 高耸构筑物采动变形监测技术
Figure 32. Observation technology of high-rise structure deformation by mining
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图 33 天−空−地−井一体化动态监测技术
Figure 33. Integrated dynamic monitoring technology of space-air-ground-well
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图 34 可调式基础抗变形加固改造设计与现场效果
Figure 34. Design of the foundation reconstruction and on-site photo
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图 35 工作面推进过程中管道剪应力分布特征
Figure 35. Distribution characteristics of pipeline shear stress during advancing of panel
表 1 各项技术的优缺点
Table 1 Advantages and disadvantages of each technology
技术 充填开采 部分开采 覆岩离层注浆 优点 煤炭资源采出率高
矸石等固废资源化利用
覆岩与地表减沉效果好地表减沉效果较好
地质条件适应性强
开采成本相对较低地表减沉控制效果较好
粉煤灰等固废资源化利用
注浆作业对井下不干扰
煤炭资源采出率高缺点 回采充填工艺复杂
开采及充填相互干扰
生产效率低、成本高采出率低掘进率高
采煤工艺比较复杂
生产效率相对较低开采成本相对较高
注浆时空关系难以把握
地面冒浆或井下溃浆风险
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表 2 综放顶煤开采导水裂隙带高度计算公式
Table 2 Formula of the height of fracture zone height in fully mechanized caving mining
岩性 计算公式之一 计算公式之二 坚硬 $H_{\mathrm{li}}=\dfrac{100M}{0.15M+3.12}\pm 11.18$ $H_{\mathrm{li}}=30M+10$ 中硬 $H_{\mathrm{li}}=\dfrac{100M}{0.23M+6.10}\pm 10.42$ $H_{\mathrm{li}}=20M+10$ 软弱 $H_{\mathrm{li}}=\dfrac{100M}{0.31M+8.81}\pm 8.21$ $H_{\mathrm{li}}=10M+10$
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表 3 覆岩破坏高度观测技术
Table 3 Overburden damage height observation technology
观测方法 观测内容 地面钻孔探测法 通过地面钻孔，观测冲洗液漏失量、水位变化等，判断导水裂隙带高度 岩心观察技术 取样，观察岩心裂隙情况，通过裂隙密度、规模判断导水裂隙带高度 双端堵水器观测法 向采空区上方打仰斜钻孔，使用钻孔双端封堵测漏装置向钻孔进行分段封堵注水，对钻孔各段水的漏失流量进行测定 钻孔电视观测法 在钻孔中放入摄像探头，实时观测孔壁裂隙，分析图像确定导水裂隙带高度 地球物理测井 选用三侧向电阻率、密度（长短源距伽马）、声波时差等参数，分析数据判断裂隙发育情况
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表 4 保水开采技术研究内容
Table 4 Water prodection mining technology research content
保水开采
技术方向保水开采关键技术 研究内容 地质条件探测识别 采煤对含水层扰动评价技术 地层结构探测技术
水煤空间关系分析
地质条件分类分区保水开采地质条件分区技术 岩层移动控制技术 导水裂隙带发育高度预测技术 顶板结构分析建模
载荷传递规律分析保水开采技术方法 限高保水开采技术 顶板含水层结构保护
底板含水层结构保护壁式条带充填保水开采技术 连采连充保水开采技术 注浆保水开采技术 固体充填保水开采技术
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